Although americium was likely produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in late autumn 1944, at the University of California, Berkeley by Glenn T. Seaborg, Leon O. Morgan, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso.

Although gold has an atomic number of 79, immediately after Rutherford's paper appeared in 1911 Antonius Van den Broek made the intuitive suggestion that atomic number is nuclear charge.

Although very small amounts of berkelium were possibly produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in December 1949 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and Stanley G. Thompson.

Although water is vital for life, the structure of this water in the cytosol is not well understood, mostly because methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance only give information on the average structure of water, and cannot measure local variations at the microscopic scale.

Although the Committee was supported by many in CND, it has been suggested that the campaign against nuclear weapons was weakened by the friction between the two organisations.

Although EDF claimed that a security firm had only been employed to monitor Greenpeace, the court disagreed, jailing the head and deputy head of EDF's nuclear security operation for three years each.

Although Nautilus-X is adaptable to a variety of mission-specific propulsion units of various low-thrust, high specific impulse ( I < sub > sp </ sub >) designs, nuclear ion-electric drive is shown for illustrative purposes.

Although these interventions in the public debate on nuclear power are recent, his views on it are longstanding.

Although nuclear testing was halted in 1990, radiation poisoning, birth defects, severe anemia, and leukemia are very common in the area.

Although normally associated with nuclear weapons, some conventionally armed ballistic missiles are in service, such as ATACMS.

Although her economy and technology could not have supported it, Nigeria announced to a bewildered international community that she was launching a nuclear program of " unlimited scope " of her own.

Although nuclear fission reactors are often thought of as being solely a product of modern technology, the first nuclear fission reactors were in fact naturally occurring.

" Although an all-out final nuclear holocaust is out of the question for man, " nuclear blackmail " comes into question not only on the issue of world peace but also on the issue of national sovereignty.

Although the Sun produces Gamma rays as a result of the nuclear fusion process, these super high energy photons are converted to lower energy photons before they reach the Sun's surface and are emitted out into space.

Although nuclear fusion research began soon after World War II, the programs in various countries were each initially classified as secret.

Although by the mid-1960s Canberras and the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm were able to deliver nuclear weapons, their carrying power was insignificant compared to the 180 Victor and Vulcan bombers.

Although subsequently relieved of their role as the deliverer of the UK strategic nuclear deterrent, the Vulcan squadrons continued to serve with the same WE. 177B weapon in a low-level penetration role assigned to SACEUR for use in a tactical role in Europe.

Although government labs research the same areas as industry, they also study a myriad of other issues such as nuclear fuels and nuclear fuel cycles, advanced reactor designs, and nuclear weapon design and maintenance.

Although these weapons were much smaller ( 300 kiloton or 1. 3 PJ ) than the Starfish Prime test, since those tests were done over a populated large land mass ( and also at a location where the Earth's magnetic field was greater ), the damage caused by the resulting EMP was reportedly much greater than in the Starfish Prime nuclear test.

Although the film followed the story rather closely ( except for the lack of references to Venus, Titan, flying cars, skull phones, temporary marriages, time-distortion drugs, nuclear wars and governmental " Schedules ") it was not successful with either the critics or the public.

Although Israel does not officially confirm or deny having nuclear weapons, the country is widely believed to be in possession of them.

Although these semiclassical models contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, many further experiments starting with Compton scattering of single photons by electrons, first observed in 1923, validated Einstein's hypothesis that light itself is quantized.

Although it is often claimed that the photoelectric and Compton effects require a quantum description of the EM field, this is now understood to be untrue, and proper proof of the quantum nature of radiation is now taken up into modern quantum optics as in the antibunching effect.

Although he missed the first six games of the 1947-48 due to cricketing commitments but was a near ever-present for the remainder of the season, as Arsenal won the First Division title and Compton finally earned a top-class honour ; his brother, Denis, had also by this time established himself in the Arsenal side and won a medal as well.

Although predicted scattering rates for WIMPs from nuclei are significant for large detector target masses, prediction that halo WIMPs may, as they pass through the Sun, interact with solar protons and helium nuclei.

Although electron, neutron, and X-ray scattering are based on different physical processes, the resulting diffraction patterns are analyzed using the same coherent diffraction imaging techniques.

Although not usually a factor in the thermal radiation of stars, polarization is also present in radiation from coherent astronomical sources ( e. g. hydroxyl or methanol masers ), and incoherent sources such as the large radio lobes in active galaxies, and pulsar radio radiation ( which may, it is speculated, sometimes be coherent ), and is also imposed upon starlight by scattering from interstellar dust.

Although the X-ray target is removed in electron mode, the beam must be fanned out by sets of thin scattering foils in order to achieve flat and symmetric dose profiles in the treated tissue.

Although Thomson scattering is dominated by scattering from electrons, since the electrons interact with the ions, in some circumstances information on the ion temperature can also be extracted.

Although Noel's earlier Reinforced material, as well as a scattering of tracks and remixes for Echo Drop and Selector mined a softer, more fusion-fueled vibe, Noel's work since " The Beckoning " ( also Reinforced's first CD-EP ) has tended toward the dark ' n ' hard, with thick, warbling bass set against snapping breaks and ominous atmospheres.

Although the Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC appears to have been inconclusive, reliefs erected by Ramesses II show him scattering his Hittite opponents with his chariot.

Although a 15 nm feature was resolved, a 30 nm pitch was still difficult to do, due to secondary electrons scattering from the adjacent feature.

Although the Ethiopian army had almost annihilated their opponents in this battle, hearing that their ruler had been slain shattered their morale and allowed the Mahdists to counterattack, scattering the Ethiopian forces.

Although plenty of light does come from the sun, the scattering of rays in the atmosphere causes the whole sky to act as a light source ( often referred to as skylight illumination ). However, by using a cube map the diffuse contribution from skylight illumination can be captured.

Although their target was supposed to be in Drop Zone T, north of Amfreville, the confusion caused by clouds and flak resulted in a wide scattering of the unit.

Although the S-matrix approach to the strong interactions was largely abandoned by the particle physics community in the 1970s in favor of quantum chromodynamics, a consistent theory for the scattering of bound-states on straight-line trajectories was eventually constructed and is nowadays known as string theory.

Although the need for outside trained manpower exists in every newly developing nation, the readiness to receive such manpower, or to receive it from the United States will vary from country to country.

Although the sign still exists, the " of " has now been replaced by the URL of their website.

Although written literature is only slowly evolving ( due to the predominance of French as the " language of the educated "), there exists a wealth of oral literature, which is often tales of kings and heroes.

Although no confirmation exists that these two ships were controlled by Teach and Bonnet, author Angus Konstam believes it very likely they were.

Although cadmium usually has an oxidation state of + 2, it also exists in the + 1 state.

Although nominally it exists alongside the United Front, a coalition of governing political parties, in practice, the CPC is the only party in the PRC, maintaining a unitary government and centralizing the state, military, and media.

Although pre-mixed concentrated nutrient solutions are generally purchased from commercial nutrient manufacturers by hydroponic hobbyists and small commercial growers, several tools exists to help anyone prepare their own solutions without extensive knowledge about chemistry.

Although this depiction still exists in the Far East, Guanyin is more often depicted as a woman in modern times.

Although a process of media deregulation has placed the majority of the western broadcast media in private hands, there still exists a strong government presence, or even monopoly, in the broadcast media of many countries across the globe.

Although acid-free paper has become more common, a large body of acidic paper still exists in books made after the 1850s because of its cheaper and simpler production methods.

Although several of the expeditions have reported close encounters, none have been able to provide incontrovertible proof that the creature exists.

Although most scholars seem to accept that brainwashing exists, a minority of sociologists who commonly refer to themselves as ' sociologists of religion ' assert that the anti-cult movement uses brainwashing to its own financial gain.

Although no definite medical proof exists, he was reputed to have been affected by Marfan syndrome.

As a result of this method, care must be taken in the interpretation of Ferguson's three factors, as factor analysis will output an abstract ' factor ' whether an objectively real factor exists or not .< reF > SAS ( R ) 3. 11 Users Guide, Multivariate Analysis: Factor Analysis Although replication of the Nationalism factor was inconsistent, the finding of Religionism and Humanitarianism had a number of replications by Ferguson and others.

Although Chebyshev's paper did not prove the Prime Number Theorem, his estimates for π ( x ) were strong enough for him to prove Bertrand's postulate that there exists a prime number between n and 2n for any integer n ≥ 2.

Although samba exists throughout Brazil – especially in the states of Bahia, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo – in the form of various popular rhythms and dances that originated from the regional batuque, a type of music and associated dance form from Cape Verde, the samba is most frequently identified as a musical expression of urban Rio de Janeiro, where it was born and developed between the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century.

Although helium is present only in low concentrations on the Moon, where it is deposited into regolith by the solar wind, an estimated million tons of He-3 exists over all.

Although the possibility exists that significant biological effects on humans may be identified in the future, currently most doctors feel that based on available information the benefits to patients outweigh the risks.

Although there may be disagreements as to whether a particular game qualifies as a wargame or not, a general consensus exists that all such games must explore and illuminate or simulate some feature or aspect of human behaviour directly bearing on the conduct of war, even if the game subject itself does not concern organized violent conflict or warfare.

Although there have been many works since emphasising different aspects of the " Efficient ", no one has seriously questioned Bagehot's premise that the divide exists in the Westminster system.

Although the opti-challenge element of the game was used as a selling point, very little information exists about the technique itself, and no other game on the market has ever openly claimed to use opti-challenge graphics.

Although technically part of Auckland, a certain relaxation in some of the rules governing daily activities and applicable standards for civic works and services exists, shared with some of the other inhabited islands of the Hauraki Gulf.

Although no theory exists that supports this assumption, arguments can be made in its favor.

Although rarely used, there exists the capability for standardized emphasis in Red Book CD mastering.

Although no universally accepted definition of ' fair trade ' exists, Fairtrade labeling organizations most commonly refer to a definition developed by FINE, an informal association of four international fair trade networks ( Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International, World Fair Trade Organization ( WFTO ), Network of European Worldshops and European Fair Trade Association ( EFTA )):