The American firearms and ammunition manufacturers through diligent research and technical development have replaced the muzzle loader and slow-firing single-shot arms with modern fast firing auto-loaders, extremely accurate bolt, lever, and slide action firearms.

After the first battle between two ironclads took place in 1862 during the American Civil War, it became clear that the ironclad had replaced the unarmoured line-of-battle ship as the most powerful warship afloat.

On June 1, 2010, Aon replaced troubled American insurance company AIG as the principal sponsor of the club.

These sets were expanded in 1963 to 7 bits of coding, called the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) as the Federal Information Processing Standard which replaced the incompatible teleprinter codes in use by different branches of the U. S. government.

Sasso was the main source of European borax from 1827 to 1872, at which date American sources replaced it.

In the American game, roqueting a ball out of bounds or running a hoop out of bounds causes the turn to end, and balls that go out of bounds are replaced only nine inches from the boundary rather than a yard as in association croquet.

The cornet also features in the British-style concert band, unlike the American concert band or wind band, where it is replaced by the trumpet.

After 1854 extreme clippers were replaced in American shipbuilding yards by medium clippers.

The term exon derives from the expressed region and was coined by American biochemist Walter Gilbert in 1978: " The notion of the cistron … must be replaced by that of a transcription unit containing regions which will be lost from the mature messengerwhich I suggest we call introns ( for intragenic regions ) alternating with regions which will be expressedexons.

Lynne, with the 7-piece line-up that supported Time ( with the exception of bassist Groucutt being replaced by Martin Smith ), played a small number of live ELO performances in 1986, including shows in England and Germany along with US appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, then at Disneyland that summer.

Most codes have been replaced by new American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) Codes.

The original American version, however, was replaced by Toho's international version, which is uncut.

From 1970 activists protested the classification of homosexuality as a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association in their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and in 1974 it was replaced with a category of " sexual orientation disturbance " then " ego-dystonic homosexuality ", which was also deleted, although " gender identity disorder " remains.

Australia's ties with the UK dwindled rapidly as Britain closed foreign bases, disengaged from its former territories East of Suez and began courting the EEC, as a result of which American investment in Australia increased dramatically and Australia's onetime enemy Japan replaced the UK as Australia's major trading partner.

Manager Whitey Herzog replaced McKeon in 1975, and the Royals quickly became the dominant franchise in the American League's Western Division, winning three straight division championships from 1976 to 1978.

In North and Central America, and to some extent in West Africa, Australia and other parts of the world, every male acquires at puberty a tutelary spirit ( see Demonology ); in some Native American tribes the youth kills the animal of which he dreams in his initiation fast ; its claw, skin or feathers are put into a little bag and become his " medicine " and must be carefully retained, for a " medicine " once lost can never be replaced.

The American League opposed the move at first, but in 1960 a deal was reached: The Senators would move and would be replaced with an expansion Senators team for 1961.

French forces retreated from Vietnam and were replaced by American forces supporting a Western-backed client regime in South Vietnam.

* 1861 – American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Fremont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.

Public Enemy is an American hip hop group consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff and his S1W group, DJ Lord ( DJ who replaced Terminator X in 1999 ), and Music Director Khari Wynn.

Fuhrmann was replaced in the early 1980s by Peter W. Schutz, an American manager and self-proclaimed 911 aficionado.

Therefore, in 2001, the American Law Institute proposed in a draft of the Restatement ( Third ), Torts: Liability for Physical Harm ( Basic Principles ) that proximate cause should be replaced with scope of liability.

In 1967, James was intending to play Sergeant Nocker in Follow That Camel, but suffered a massive heart attack and was replaced by the American comic actor Phil Silvers.

As an American relief agency, it was largely replaced by the Marshall Plan, which began operations in 1948.

After the cancellation of the Blue Streak missile program and the cancellation of the American Skybolt and with the Blue Steel missile already in service, six squadrons of Vulcan B2s were re-assigned to the low-level ( 200 ft and lower ) penetration role and were re-equipped with the WE. 177B strategic laydown bomb from 1966 until being replaced in the strategic role in 1969 by the Polaris missile launched from nuclear submarines of the Royal Navy.

To consolidate the names of some of its subsidiaries under one title with nationwide recognition, American Stores renamed some of its Skaggs-Alpha Beta stores to Jewel-Osco in mid-September 1991.

Fosdick, a brother of minister Harry Emerson Fosdick, was a graduate of Princeton, and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and the American Philosophical Association.

* 1776 – At The College of William and Mary, Phi Beta Kappa is founded and becomes the first American college fraternity.

* Seven Sisters ( Beta Radio album ), an album by the American band Beta Radio

In 1984, American Stores Company, which consisted of Alpha Beta food stores in the west, Acme Markets in the east and Skaggs Drug Centers in the Rocky Mountain, southwestern, and northwestern states, acquired The Jewel Companies Inc.

In 1963 three scholarly and educational organizations — the American Council of Learned Societies ( ACLS ), the Council of Graduate Schools in America, and the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa — joined together to establish the National Commission on the Humanities.

After graduating from Princeton University ( Phi Beta Kappa, 1908 ), where he competed on the American Whig-Cliosophic Society debate team, and graduating from The George Washington University Law School, he joined the New York City law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, where he specialized in international law.

* Other organizations: IEEE Student Branch, Inter-Fraternity Council, National Panhellenic Council, Lambda Chi Alpha, Chi Phi, Sigma Phi Epsilon, Alpha Sigma Tau, Sigma Sigma Sigma, Delta Zeta, Alpha Phi Omega, Omega Delta Phi, Kappa Delta Chi, Beta Sigma Phi, Delta Sigma Pi, Kappa Theta Chi, Residence Hall Assoc., Student Bar Assoc., Student Government Assoc., Cheerleaders, Code Blue Dance Team, Emerging Leaders, President ’ s Ambassadors, University Programming Council, Accounting Club, American Chemical Society of Students, Criminal Justice Student Assoc., Finance Club, Graduate International Relations Society, International Business Club, Psychology Club, Society of Physics, St. Mary ’ s Society of Mathematicians ( SM )^ 2, Student Educators Assoc.

The Phi Beta Kappa Society publishes The Key Reporter, a newsletter distributed quarterly to all contributing members and biannually to all other members, and The American Scholar, a quarterly subscription-based journal that accepts essays on literature, history, science, public affairs, and culture.

Onizuka belonged to the following organizations: Society of Flight Test Engineers, the Air Force Association, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Tau, Arnold Air Society, and Triangle Fraternity.

Lenneberg was quite involved in the scientific community, as he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, the Linguistic Society of America, the American Psychological Association, the Society for Research in Child Development, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Humphrey attended American University where he was a member of the Alpha Sigma Phi, Beta Chi chapter, and is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School.

Soon, the test was so popular that Robert Yerkes, the president of the American Psychological Association, decided to use it in developing the Army Alpha and the Army Beta tests to classify recruits.

* James George Smith ( 1819 – 1849 ), American founder of Beta Theta Pi, a prominent college fraternity

He was a member of many organizations and societies, including Anti-Slavery Society for the protection of Human Rights ; Phi Beta Sigma fraternity ( Alpha Chapter and Mu Chapter ); West African Students ' Union ; Onitsha Improvement Union ; Zik ’ s Athletic Club ; Ekine Sekiapu Society of Buguma, Kalabari ; St. John ’ s Lodge of England ; Royal Economic Society ; Royal Anthropological Institute ; British Association for the Advancement of Science ; American Society of International Law ; American Anthropological Association ; American Political Science Association ; American Ethnological Society ; Amateur Athletic Association of Nigeria ; Nigerian Swimming Association, Nigerian Boxing Board of Control ; Nigerian Cricket Association ; Ibo State Union ; Nigerian Table Tennis Association ; Nigeria Olympic Committee and British Empire and Commonwealth Games Association.

* John Hope Franklin, American historian, former Chairman of the History Department, president of Phi Beta Kappa, and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom

He is a member of Alpha Kappa Psi, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Beta Gamma Sigma, the Civil Aviation Medical Association, the Flying Physicians Association, the International Academy of Astronautics, the Marine Corps Aviation Association, the National Aeronautic Association, the National Aerospace Education Council, the National Geographic Society, the Navy League, the New York Academy of Sciences, Omicron Delta Kappa, Phi Delta Theta, the Soaring Club of Houston, the Soaring Society of America and the United States Parachute Association.

As valedictorian of the class of 1899, Mary Annette Anderson became the first African American woman elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

Hawley is a member of the American Astronomical Society, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sigma Pi Sigma, and Phi Beta Kappa.