A German manuscript page teaching use of Arabic numerals ( Hans Talhoffer | Talhoffer Thott, 1459 ).

" Bayad plays the oud to the lady ", Arabic language | Arabic manuscript for Qissat Bayad wa Reyad tale from late 12th century

The Arabic manuscript was discovered in 1665 by Edward Pococke the orientalist, and preserved in the Bodleian Library.

He then published the Arabic manuscript in the 1680s.

* Miguel de Cervantes claims that all chapters but the first in Don Quixote are translated from an Arabic manuscript by Cide Hamete Benengeli, parodying a plot device of chivalry books.

Sale could, however, have found the term periclyte transliterated into Arabic in one of the marginal notes to the Italian manuscript.

The pages of the Italian manuscript are framed in an Islamic style, and contain chapter rubrics and margin notes in ungrammatical Arabic ; with an occasional Turkish word, and many Turkish syntactical features.

A minority of students – such as David Sox – are, however, suspicious of the apparent ' Turkish ' features of the Italian manuscript ; especially the Arabic annotations, which they adjudge to be so riddled with elementary errors as to be most unlikely to have been written in Istanbul ( even by an Italian scribe ).

These additional manuscript sources of the Testimonium have furnished additional ways to evaluate Josephus ' mention of Jesus in the Antiquities, principally through a close textual comparison between the Arabic, Syriac and Greek versions to the Testimonium.

Bahá ' u ' lláh had manuscript copies sent to Bahá ' ís in Iran some years after the revelation of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, and in 1890 – 91 ( 1308 AH, 47 BE ) he arranged for the publication of the original Arabic text of the book in Bombay, India.

The Libro de juegos manuscript was a Castilian translation of Arabic texts, which were themselves translations of Persian manuscripts.

The juxtaposition of chess and dice in Arabic tradition, indicating the opposing values of skill ( chess ) and ignorance ( dice ), was given a different spin in Alfonso ’ s manuscript, however.

The oldest known dated Arabic manuscript on paper in Leiden, ( dated 319 ( 931 AD ))

Translated from an Arabic manuscript in the Bodleian library at Oxford.

Nevertheless, the first direct mention of playing cards was in 1299 in a manuscript written in Siena titled " Trattato del governo della familia di Pipozzo di Sandro ", in which the existence of naibbe is mentioned, which is the first term used for playing cards ( naipes in Spanish ), originating from the Arabic word naib (` deputy ') suggesting the name of the game -` the Game of Deputies '.

Two main Arabic manuscript traditions of the Nights are known: the Syrian and the Egyptian.

This 12-volume book, Les Mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français (" Thousand and one nights, Arab stories translated into French "), included stories that were not in the original Arabic manuscript.

* One of the oldest Arabic manuscript fragments from Syria ( a few handwritten pages ) dating to the early 9th century.

* 1984 – Muhsin Mahdi publishes an Arabic edition which he claims is faithful to the oldest Arabic versions surviving ( primarily based on the Syrian manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale in combination with other early manuscripts of the Syrian branch ).

All Arabian fantasy tales were often called " Arabian Nights " when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, in any version, and a number of tales are known in Europe as " Arabian Nights " despite existing in no Arabic manuscript.

Arabic manuscript of the One Thousand and One Nights.

The manuscript collection of the University of Tehran includes over 17, 000 volumes of manuscripts in Persian, Arabic and Turkish.

Arabic manuscripts dated from the 14th century document the use of the hand cannon, a forerunner of the handgun, in the Arabic world.

A Chinese alchemical text dated 492 noted saltpeter burnt with a purple flame, providing a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, thus enabling alchemists to evaluate and compare purification techniques ; the earliest Arabic and Latin accounts of saltpeter purification are dated after 1200.

The earliest surviving documentary evidence for the use of the hand cannon, considered the oldest type of portable firearm and a forerunner of the handgun, are from several Arabic manuscripts dated to the 14th century.

* The earliest surviving dated Arabic papyrus, PERF 558, and the earliest known Arabic text with diacritical marks is written.

Some coins dated 1888 and 1889 have an inverted Arabic 1 instead of the second I in VICTORIA as the result of a broken punch.

The first results of his extensive studies in Oriental literature, Arabic language and history, manifested themselves in 1847, when he published a translation from Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi, born 1185, resident in South Spain between 1208 and 1217, leaving then for Egypt and visiting Mecca in 1221, dated 1224, Kitab al-mujib fi talkhis akhbar ahl al-Maghrib under the title The history of the Almohads, preceded by a sketch of the history of Spain from the time of the conquest till the reign of Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and of the history of the Almoravids, printed again in 1881 and reprinted in 1968.

The Arabic version of Aristotle ’ s Poetics that influenced the Middle Ages was translated from a Greek manuscript dated to sometime prior to the year 700.

Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are ; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 AH ( 672 CE ) in Barus, Sumatra ; a tombstone dated 290 AH ( 910 CE ) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in Alor Setar, Kedah ; a tombstone found in Pekan, Pahang dated 419 AH ( 1026 CE ); a tombstone discovered in Phan Rang, Vietnam dated 431 AH ( 1039 CE ); a tombstone dated 440 AH ( 1048 CE ) found in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei ; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in Gresik, East Java dated 475 AH ( 1082 CE ).

The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone, dated 702 H ( 1303 CE ), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region.

Though there are many Arabic manuscripts of Kalīla wa Demna, Ibn al-Muqaffa '’ s version is not among them, and the oldest dated copy was written almost five centuries after his death.

The oldest evidence of Andalusian Arabic utterances can be dated from the 10th and 11th century, in isolated quotes, both in prose and stanzaic Classical Andalusi poems ( muwashahat ), and then, from the 11th century on, in stanzaic dialectal poems ( zajal ) and dialectal proverb collections, while its last documents are a few business records and one letter written at the beginning of the 17th century in Valencia.

In an Arabic article by the historian Habib Gamati, in al-Mossawer Magazine, Dar al-Hilal, Cairo, Egypt, dated February 19, 1954, and titled: " Tarikh Ma Ahmalahu Al-Tarikh Fi Galaat Al-Showbak " or " History Of What Was Abandoned By History At The Fortres Of Showbak of Jordan ", it is affirmed that the Rihani or Rayahin family is a Ghassanid clan or tribe.

The systematic writing of Romance-language texts in Arabic scripts appears to have begun in the fifteenth century, and the overwhelming majority of such texts that can be dated belong to the sixteenth century.

* Eastern Scriptures, containing around 3, 100 Arabic, 500 Ottoman, and 150 Persian codicies, dated 11th to the 19th centuries.

Studies in Arabic morphology, conducted by and, date back to at least 1200 CE.

Alhazen's work was largely ignored in the Arabic world but it was anonymously translated into Latin around 1200 A. D. and further summarised and expanded on by the polish monk Witelo making it a standard text on optics in Europe for the next 400 years.

A copper coin with Georgian and Arabic inscriptions featuring Tamar's monogram ( 1200 )

A series of coins minted c. 1200 in the name of Queen Tamar depicted a local variant of the Byzantine obverse and an Arabic inscription on the reverse proclaiming Tamar as the " Champion of the Messiah ".

Extremely literate, Kamal Jumblatt lectured extensively and wrote more than 1200 editorials in both Arabic and French.

Ala ad-Din Muhammad II ( Arabic: علاءالدين محمد ʿAlā al-Dīn Muḥammad ) was the ruler of the Khwarezmid Empire from 1200 to 1220.

It is possible that Arabic physicians may have performed dissections, including Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) ( 1091 – 1161 ) in Al-Andalus, Saladin's physician Ibn Jumay during the 12th century, Abd el-Latif in Egypt circa 1200, and Ibn al-Nafis in Syria and Egypt during the 13th century ..