The subject addresses such matters as tax incidence ( who really pays a particular tax ), cost-benefit analysis of government programs, effects on economic efficiency and income distribution of different kinds of spending and taxes, and fiscal politics.

According to the fiscal analysis completed under the auspices of the Sacramento Local Area Formation Commission ( LAFCo ), the city as proposed “ may be fiscally feasible ” ( p. 7 ).

The fiscal analysis includes “ revenue neutrality payments ” that the city must pay Sacramento County to be in compliance with California Code section 56815.

Complicating an analysis is the point of view adopted ( if the fund lends to the rest of government at a below-market rate of interest, it represents a loss to future Social Security beneficiaries under a narrow view, but possibly a gain under a larger view since the government gains from the low cost funding and the fiscal health of the government stands behind the ultimate solvency of Social Security ).

Closely related, but slightly different, formal techniques include cost-effectiveness analysis, cost – utility analysis, economic impact analysis, fiscal impact analysis and Social return on investment ( SROI ) analysis.

In these analysis, macroeconomic uncertainties, such as the outlook for the current account, and policy uncertainties, such as for fiscal policy, tend to dominate the medium-term outlook.

Kenneth Rogoff, IMF Director of research, called Stiglitz's analysis " at best highly controversial, at worst, snake oil " and stated that " The Stiglitzian prescription third world nations in a debt crisis is to raise the profile of fiscal deficits, that is, to issue more debt and to print more money.

Hexter in 1978 wrote a bitter historiographical review in which he attacked younger scholars for reducing the analysis of the Civil War to an essentially amoral struggle for power ( socio-economic for the Marxists ; religious, political and fiscal for the revisionists ), which he argued was too dismissive of the intrinsic moral strength of Parliament's position.

The tasks of the College include the approval of the analysis of the state budget execution and the principles of fiscal policy, the audit of the NIK ’ s performance, formulating an opinion concerning certification of performance of duties part of discharge procedure of the government, the work plan and the draft budget for the NIK.

The focus of this research on the comprehensive economic analysis of fiscal federalism which is responsible for establishing a federal system in Europe is of great importance.

The Reason Foundation updated their analysis of the network on April 16, 2008, and found that iProvo's total losses are likely to exceed $ 10 million by the end of this fiscal year-and that figure doesn't include the $ 39. 5 million borrowed to launch the project, most of which still needs to be paid back.

The Plano Real based its actions on an analysis of the root causes of inflation in the post-military dictatorship Brazil that concluded that there was both an issue of fiscal policy and severe, widespread inertial inflation.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) publishes an analysis of tax systems of member countries.

An economic analysis using the law of supply and demand and the economic effects of a tax can be used to show the theoretical benefits and disadvantages of free trade.

* Tax incidence, analysis of the effect of a particular tax on the distribution of economic welfare

Moreover, correctly assessing distributive impact of any tax shift requires an analysis of the specific instrument design features.

Valuations are needed for many reasons such as investment analysis, capital budgeting, merger and acquisition transactions, financial reporting, taxable events to determine the proper tax liability, and in litigation.

In finance, valuation analysis is required for many reasons including tax assessment, wills and estates, divorce settlements, business analysis, and basic bookkeeping and accounting.

Don Fullerton agreed with this analysis in 1997 in his article “ Environmental Levies and Distortionary Taxation: Comment .” He added that lowering the income tax and taxing the dirty good equates with raising the labor tax and subsidizing the clean product.

This analysis examined the arguments for and against the federal estate tax and concluded that the estate tax generates costs to taxpayers, the economy and the environment which far exceeds any potential benefit that it might arguably produce.

The resolution also called for AMI business case analysis to identify cost-effective deployment strategies, endorsed timely cost recovery for prudently incurred AMI expenditures and made additional recommendations on rate making and tax treatment of such investments.

Francis pointed out that the root of the problem is that the decision was based on analysis by federal officials who regard RRSPs and pensions as tax " exempts " even though they are merely deferral mechanisms.

The tax leakage analysis used by Flaherty is incorrect because it does not reflect deferred taxes paid by Canadian income trust unitholders.

Despite the economic benefits which had been identified in a third-party analysis the federal government was not prepared to move in the area of tax.

The AdTI then presented itself as a " bipartisan " economic think tank presenting an analysis of the Clinton plan, nowhere mentioning they were directly hired by Philip Morris to oppose the tax increase.

Lefebvre ’ s work on this thesis was " based on a thorough analysis of thousands of tax rolls, notarial records, and the registers of rural municipalities, whose materials he used to trace the effects of the abolition of feudalism and ecclesiastical tithes, the consequences of property transfers, the movement of the bourgeoisie onto the countryside, and the destruction of collective rights in the peasants villages ".

The Tax Foundation ’ s first project was a successful effort to stop a tax increase in Westchester County, New York, where they provided research and analysis ( including an " Expenditure Survey ” of state spending ) to local activists.

Its research and analysis has historically emphasized publicizing federal and state financial information, arguing against the use of tax systems for " social engineering ," and urging " broad bases and low rates " tax reform.

... Congress was at liberty under the amendment to tax as income, without apportionment, everything that became income, in the ordinary sense of the word, after the adoption of the amendment, including dividends received in the ordinary course by a stockholder from a corporation, even though they were extraordinary in amount and might appear upon analysis to be a mere realization in possession of an inchoate and contingent interest that the stockholder had in a surplus of corporate assets previously existing.

He previously promoted a tax hike to pay for the dome, which was soundly rejected by voters a decade earlier under then-Mayor Richard Arrington, although later analysis of votes showed an overwhelming support for the dome inside city limits.

In statistics, analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation.

* Cluster analysis – techniques for grouping objects into a collection of groups ( called clusters ), based on some measure of proximity or similarity

The science of biostatistics encompasses the design of biological experiments, especially in medicine and agriculture ; the collection, summarization, and analysis of data from those experiments ; and the interpretation of, and inference from, the results.

covers statistical study, descriptive statistics ( collection, description, analysis, and summary of data ), probability, and the binomial and normal distributions, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, linear regression, and correlation.

While there were some papers from before that time, this collection documented an entire variety of finished, working audio coders, nearly all of them using perceptual ( i. e. masking ) techniques and some kind of frequency analysis and back-end noiseless coding.

More recently, a collection of summarisation techniques has been formulated under the heading of exploratory data analysis: an example of such a technique is the box plot.

ECHELON is a name used in global media and in popular culture to describe a signals intelligence ( SIGINT ) collection and analysis network operated on behalf of the five signatory states to the UK – USA Security Agreement ( Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, referred to by a number of abbreviations, including AUSCANNZUKUS and Five Eyes ).

Analysis of the design of experiments was built on the foundation of the analysis of variance, a collection of models in which the observed variance is partitioned into components due to different factors which are estimated or tested.

The professional field involving the collection, analysis, and reporting of higher education data is called institutional research.

A job analysis involves the systematic collection of information about a job.

He reviewed the collection of poems for the 2 June 1816 Examiner, and, in his analysis, he attacked the fragmentary nature of the work and argued, " The fault of Mr Coleridge is, that he comes to no conclusion ... from an excess of capacity, he does little or nothing " and that the poem revealed that " Mr Coleridge can write better nonsense verse than any man in English.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime maintains the International Money Laundering Information Network, a website that provides information and software for anti-money laundering data collection and analysis.

The National Security Agency ( NSA ) is a cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the collection and analysis of foreign communications and foreign signals intelligence, as well as protecting U. S. government communications and information systems, which involves information security and cryptanalysis / cryptography.

Oral historians in different countries have approached the collection, analysis, and dissemination of oral history in different modes.

Stan Nussbaum has edited a large collection on proverbs of Africa, published on a CD, including reprints of out-of-print collections, original collections, and works on analysis, bibliography, and application of proverbs to Christian ministry ( 1998 ).

Although it still lacks a universally accepted definition, the crux of intelligence-led policing is an emphasis on the collection and analysis of information to guide police operations, rather than the reverse.

Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

Some consider statistics to be a mathematical body of science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data, while others consider it a branch of mathematics concerned with collecting and interpreting data.

The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general.

Statistics pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

In mathematical analysis, a σ-algebra ( also sigma-algebra, σ-field, sigma-field ) is a collection of sets satisfying certain properties.

This concept is important in mathematical analysis as the foundation for Lebesgue integration, and in probability theory, where it is interpreted as the collection of events which can be assigned probabilities.

In another study, published in 2011, Jason E. Lewis and colleagues re-measured the cranial volumes of the skulls in Morton's collection, and re-examined the respective statistical analyses by Morton and by Gould, concluding that, contrary to Gould's analysis, Morton did not falsify craniometric research results to support his racial and social prejudices, and that the " Caucasians " possessed the greatest average cranial volume in the sample.

His view was based on what may be the first in-depth lithic analysis of the objects in his collection, which led him to believe that they are artifacts and to suggest that the historical evolution of these artifacts followed a scheme.