The electric charge-to-mass ratio of a particle can be measured by observing the radius of curling of its cloud-chamber track in a magnetic field.

These ions, under the influence of the electric field, are accelerated into the cathode surface containing the sample, bombarding the sample and causing neutral sample atom ejection through the process known as sputtering.

Atom probes are unlike conventional optical or electron microscopes, in that the magnification effect comes from the magnification provided by a highly curved electric field, rather than by the manipulation of radiation paths.

Preparation is done, often by hand, to manufacture a tip radius sufficient to induce a high electric field, with radii on the order of 100 nm.

The application of the pulsed voltage to the sample allows for individual ions at the sample surface to have their electric field, and hence atomic bonding, temporarily disrupted.

Field ion microscopy techniques were initially construed as a modification of field emission, a technique which allows for a stream of electrons to be emitted from a sharp needle when subjected to a sufficiently high electric field (~ 3-6 V / nm ).

In field ion and atom probe methods, the polarity of the electric field is reversed, with a high positive field applied to the sample.

Field evaporation is an effect that can occur when an atom bonded at the surface of a material is in the presence of a sufficiently high and appropriately directed electric field, where the electric field is the differential of electric potential ( voltage ) with respect to distance.

Therefore the ion speed can be computed with the following equation, which relates kinetic energy to energy gain due to the electric field.

Whilst the magnification of both the field ion and atom probe microscopes is extremely high, the exact magnification is dependant upon conditions specific to the examined specimen, so unlike for conventional electron microscopes, there is often little direct control on magnification, and furthermore, obtained images may have strongly variable magnifications due to fluctuations in the shape of the electric field at the surface.

This corrugation gives rise to strong electric field gradients in the near-tip zone ( on the order of an atomic radii or less from the tip ), which during ionisation deflects ions away from the electric field normal.

Semi-conductor materials are often analysable in atom probe, however sample preparation may be more difficult, and interpretation of results may be more complex, particularly if the semi-conductor contains phases which evaporate at differing electric field strengths.

In 1879, Edwin Herbert Hall working at the Johns Hopkins University discovered the development of a voltage across conductors transverse to an electric current in the conductor and magnetic field perpendicular to the current.

The same can be said of shaving yet the electric razor has proved useful to many men.

Even if the electric power fails after an attack, any time that the heater has been used will make the shelter that much more comfortable.

It might be called the `` public utility '' type because of the considerable use to which it has been put in gas and electric utility rate cases.

Alder is appreciated for its claimed ( but laboratory unsubstantiated ) bright tone, and has been adopted by many electric guitar manufacturers.

Only in recent years electronics and electric equipment production has regained higher levels.

Increased aluminium recycling, which has the advantage of lowering the cost in electric power in producing aluminium, will considerably extend the world's bauxite reserves.

Recently there has been growing interest in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, electric buses as well as ones powered by compressed natural gas or bio-diesel.

A flow of positive charges gives the same electric current, and has the same effect in a circuit, as an equal flow of negative charges in the opposite direction.

This is in analogy to electrostatics, in which the electric field ( E-field ) has a vanishing curl and the magnetic field ( B-field ) has a vanishing divergence.

The clavichord has also gained attention in other genres of music, in the form of the clavinet, which is essentially an electric clavichord which uses a magnetic pickup to provide a signal for amplification.

The disco sound has soaring, often reverberated vocals over a steady " four-on-the-floor " beat, an eighth note ( quaver ) or 16th note ( semi-quaver ) hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat, and a prominent, syncopated electric bass line sometimes consisting of octaves.

The dimension of a physical quantity is the combination of the basic physical dimensions ( usually mass, length, time, electric charge, and temperature ) which describe it ; for example, speed has the dimension length per time, and may be measured in meters per second, miles per hour, or other units.

For the simple electric dipole given above, the electric dipole moment points from the negative charge towards the positive charge, and has a magnitude equal to the strength of each charge times the separation between the charges.

It is also possible that the electron has an electric dipole moment, although this has not yet been observed ( see electron electric dipole moment for more information ).

A theoretical magnetic point dipole has a magnetic field of exactly the same form as the electric field of an electric point dipole.

The feedback problem has led to the development of instruments like the electric upright bass, whose playing characteristics mimic that of the double bass.

While the upright bass is still occasionally used in country music, the electric bass has largely replaced its bigger cousin in country music, especially in the more pop-infused country styles of the 1990s and 2000s, such as new country.

The congregation lighting their candles from the new flame, just as the priest has retrieved it from the altar — note that the picture is Flash ( photography ) | flash-illuminated ; all electric lighting is off, and only the oil lamp s in front of the Iconostasis remain lit.

The fully electric Savoy made possible numerous special effects, such as sparkling magic wands for the female chorus of fairies.

A relativistic formulation in terms of covariant field tensors is used in special relativity, while in quantum mechanics, a version based on the electric and magnetic potentials is preferred.

The technology involves using special dyes that change conformation when an electric current is applied across the film itself.

In special relativity, electric and magnetic fields are two interrelated aspects of a single object, called the electromagnetic tensor ; the split of this tensor into electric and magnetic fields depends on the relative velocity of the observer and charge.

Coulomb's law is actually a special case of Gauss's Law, a more fundamental description of the relationship between the distribution of electric charge in space and the resulting electric field.

To be able to work in vacuum a special fluoride based lubricant was used for the mechanical parts and the electric motors ( one in each wheel hub ) were enclosed in pressurised containers.

To be able to work in vacuum a special fluoride based lubricant was used for the mechanical parts and the electric motors ( one in each wheel hub ) were enclosed in pressurised containers.

Though not technically a sitar, the electric sitar is a guitar with a special bridge, known as the " buzz bridge ", and sympathetic strings, to mimic the sitar.

Reaction wheels are usually implemented as special electric motors, mounted along the x, y and z axes.

For one special night, residents of the Campground place ornate Chinese lanterns ( some electric, some still lit with just a candle ), around each Gingerbread Cottage.

The municipal bonds that were floated to reimburse the builder are being paid off by a special levy on the electric bills of residents of Long Island.

Iron is sometimes melted in a special type of blast furnace known as a cupola, but more often melted in electric induction furnaces or electric arc furnaces.

It is sung by Lennon over an increasingly complicated underlying arrangement which features a tamboura, played by George Harrison, lead electric guitar put through a Leslie speaker, played by Lennon, and a counter melody on Lowrey organ played by McCartney and taped with a special organ stop sounding " not unlike a celeste ".

A special aspect of The Elevators ' sound came from Tommy Hall's innovative electric jug.

In the early days with The Who, Townshend played an Emile Grimshaw SS De Luxe and 6-string and 12-string Rickenbacker semi-hollow electric guitars primarily ( particularly the Rose-Morris UK-imported models with special f-holes ).

* Some crossings have special signals consisting of electric lamps or light-emitting diode ( LED ) panels.

" His coolness gave him special powers, such as making machinery ( such as Arnold's jukebox, electric lights, and car engines ) function by pounding his fist, or getting the attention of girls by snapping his fingers.

In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, only special sockets suitable for electric shavers are permitted in bathrooms, and are labelled as such.

Low-pressure, enjoyable competitions for these models generally follow the modern competition formats, with special categories for these early-design models that re-create the model aircraft events actually held before WW II, and even the " old-timer " movement has seriously begin to embrace electric powered versions of designs originally built for the two-stroke gasoline fueled engines of pre-WW II free flight aeromodelling.

Forks, electric serrated knives, special tined cutters or a strong thread should be used instead.

Instead of recharging them from electric socket, batteries could be mechanically replaced on special stations just in a couple of minutes ( battery swapping ).