Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve.

In genres which the non-vocal part is conceived using electronic media, the instrumental not necessarily has to be conceived by musical instruments, but is the term to refer to some composition or version that does not include vocals.

A few electric and electronic instruments from the 1960s and subsequent decades have also done this ; Vox's electronic organs of the 1960s, Farfisa's FAST portable organs, Hohner's Clavinet L, one version of Korg's Poly-800 synthesizer and Roland's digital harpsichords.

For those readers not familiar with this concept, envision an electronic version of the corkboard in the entrance of your local grocery store.

The first electronic version of the dictionary was made available in 1988.

In 2011, Bushnell stated that the game was inspired by previous versions of electronic tennis he had played before ; Bushnell played a version on a PDP-1 computer in 1964 while attending college.

Milton Bradley successfully trademarked an electronic version of their unrelated joint Games Workshop board game, HeroQuest, which forced Sierra to change the series ' title to Quest for Glory.

* " Thames Valley Papists " from Tony Hadland, Reformation to Emancipation, 1534 – 1829 ,( published 1992 in hard copy as ISBN 0-9507431-4-3 ; electronic version of 2001 added illustrations ).

The book has been issued as an electronic version with supporting material at the web site of the University of North Carolina's Documenting the American South.

The Zelda version of Nintendo's Game & Watch series was released first in August 1989 as a dual-screen handheld electronic game similar in appearance to today's Nintendo DS.

In 1983, a new version of talk was introduced as a Unix command with BSD v4. 2, and would also accommodate electronic conversations between users on different machines.

The electronic version may be as much as 18 months behind current legislation, but it is the most up to date official version.

In 1907, De Forest filed for a patent for such a three-electrode version of his original Audion tube for use as an electronic amplifier in radio communications.

In similar manner, most academic libraries buy the electronic version, and purchase a paper copy only for the most important or most-used titles.

Many journals now publish the final papers in their electronic version as soon as they are ready, without waiting for the assembly of a complete issue, as is necessary with paper.

Fidelity released a speaking version of its electronic chess computer in 1979.

As the World Wide Web became increasingly adopted as the preferred mechanism for distributing electronic documents, Interleaf added Cyberleaf, a version of the WorldView Press that produced HTML documents.

* An electronic version of the first issue from 1869

It appears that sales of both the books made available free and other books by the same author, even from a different publisher, increase when the electronic version is made available free of charge .< ref >

* 1975 – The BBC version of Metropolis features an electronic score composed by William Fitzwater and Hugh Davies.

The A-0 system ( Arithmetic Language version 0 ), written by Grace Hopper in 1951 and 1952 for the UNIVAC I, was the first compiler ever developed for an electronic computer.

This version, after the mid-1970s, saw little change with the incorporation of electronic ignition in 1988, an anti-theft alarm system in 1990, a catalytic converter in 1991 ( as required by law ), as well as electronic Digifant fuel injection, hydraulic valve lifters, and a spin-on oil filter in 1993.

Noise is an undesirable but inevitable product of the electronic devices and components ; also, much noise results from intentional economies of manufacture and design time.

Extreme miniaturization of electronic gates is causing the effects of phenomena like electromigration and subthreshold leakage to become much more significant.

The invention of electronic amplifiers made calculating machines much faster than their mechanical or electromechanical predecessors.

Neither of these had much influence on the various computing projects in the United States, but some of the technology led, via Turing and others, to the first commercial electronic computer.

In this process the light electron obtains a high velocity so that the temperature of the created electronic gas is much higher ( of the order of thousand K ) than the one of ions and neutrals.

When combined with secure containers, or document destruction systems, or electronic access or alarm systems, locks can provide much higher levels of security.

As a result, both mainstream and narrow-interest webcasts flourish ; in particular, electronic music stations are much more common on the Internet than they are in satellite or broadcast media.

By 2001, few lower-end printer models came with support for PostScript, largely due to growing competition from much cheaper non-PostScript ink jet printers, and new software-based methods to render PostScript images on the computer, making them suitable for any printer ; PDF, a descendant of PostScript, provides one such method, and has largely replaced PostScript as de facto standard for electronic document distribution.

However, the signal from an electronic television system, containing much more information than a radio signal ( 6 MHz ), required a broadband transmission medium.

Descendants of the basic small-block OHV V-8 design platform in production today have been much modified with advances such as aluminium block and heads, electronic engine management, and sequential port fuel injection.

This situation results in electronic equipment sensitive to narrow bandwidth ( s ) experiencing much less interference, while those with broadband sensitivity, or even operated at other frequencies ( such as a radio receiver tuned to a different station ), will experience more interference.

Communication between armies were of course much more difficult before the electronic age and could only be achieved with messengers on horseback or by foot and with time delays according to the distance the messenger needed to travel.

But starting with their second album, Alpha Centauri, the group has been a trio or occasionally duo of electronic instruments, commonly augmented by guitar from Froese ( or, much later, other musicians as well ), and occasionally also other instruments.

Additional problems for ONdigital were caused by the choice of 64QAM broadcast mode, coupled with far weaker than expected broadcast power, ( meaning that the signal was weak in many areas ), a complex pricing structure ( comprising many menu options ), a poor quality subscriber management system ( badly adapted from Canal +), a paper magazine TV guide whereas BSkyB had provided an electronic programme guide ( EPG ), insufficient technical customer services, and much signal piracy.

The sentience of advanced drones has various levels of redundancy, from systems similar to that of Minds ( though much reduced in capability ) down to electronic, to mechanical and finally biochemical back-up brains.

Some inventions and discoveries to come out of Berkeley Lab include: " smart " windows with embedded electrodes that enable window glass to respond to changes in sunlight, synthetic genes for antimalaria and anti-AIDS superdrugs based on breakthroughs in synthetic biology, electronic ballasts for more efficient lighting, Home Energy Saver, the web's first do-it-yourself home energy audit tool, a pocket-sized DNA sampler called the PhyloChip, and the Berkeley Darfur Stove, which uses one-quarter as much firewood as traditional cook stoves.

During the 1980s, the cassette's popularity grew further as a result of portable pocket recorders and high-fidelity (" hi-fi ") players, such as Sony's Walkman ( 1979 ), which used a body not much larger than the cassette tape itself, with mechanical keys on one side, or electronic buttons or display on the face.

Over the next quarter-century the Workshop contributed greatly to the programme providing its vast range of unusual sound-effects, from the TARDIS dematerialisation to the Sonic screwdriver, as well as much of the programme's distinctive electronic incidental music, including every score from 1980 to 1985.

There are still questions of the regulation of electronic money, how will the ecash be backed and redeemed, determining how much of money in the economy are circulated in ecash since the Internet covers such a vast area internationally.

Iceland in particular has never needed much currency since electronic transactions are commonplace, and their population is small with over 60 % of the population living in one metropolitan area.

Some early episodes are also believed to be damaged or in poor quality, whereas much of the output of other broadcasters – such as many early episodes of The Avengers ( shot in the electronic studio rather than on film ) produced by Associated British Corporation – have been destroyed.

According to Richard Rhodes the plans for the atomic bomb, hundreds of tons of nuclear weapons materials, strategic intelligence reports, and the plans for much of the most advanced aviation, electronic, and heavy industrial technology was transferred through Gore Field and East Base in sealed diplomatic containers.

After the definition of MIDI in 1982 and the development of digital audio, the creation of purely electronic sounds and their manipulation became much simpler.

In the early 2000s the NME also attempted somewhat to broaden its coverage again, running cover stories on hip-hop acts such as Jay-Z and Missy Elliott, electronic music pioneer Aphex Twin, Popstars winners Hear ' say and R & B groups like Destiny's Child, but as in the 1980s these proved unpopular with much of the paper's readership, and were soon dropped.