The electron optical system may be either a magnetic or electrostatic one.

The resolution capabilities of an electrostatic system depend on both the choice of magnification and chromatic aberrations.

It has been stated previously that a minifying electrostatic system yields a lower resolution than a magnifying system or a system with unity magnification.

Infinity's full range electrostatic speaker system that was developed during the 1960s also used a woofer to cover the lower frequency range that its electrostatic arrays did not handle adequately.

He developed the first SSTV system using an electrostatic monitor and a vidicon tube.

The statcoulomb ( statC ) or franklin ( Fr ) or electrostatic unit of charge ( esu ) is the physical unit for electrical charge used in the centimetre-gram-second system of units ( cgs ) and Gaussian units.

Electromotive force in electrostatic units is the statvolt ( in the centimeter gram second system of units equal in amount to an erg per electrostatic unit of charge ).

As long as there is nothing equivalent to a battery in the system, the transfer of charge will lead to the creation of an electrostatic field that will make the electrochemical potentials ( Fermi levels ) become equal.

It was clear to a number of developers that a completely electronic scanning system would be superior, and that the scanning could be achieved in a vacuum tube via electrostatic or magnetic means.

The system used electrostatic storage, consisting of 72 Williams tubes with a capacity of 1024 bits each, giving a total memory of 2048 words of 36 bits each.

The developers of the Tri-Ergon sound-on-film sound film system had developed a primitive design of electrostatic loudspeaker as early as 1919.

The system used electrostatic storage, consisting of 36 Williams tubes with a capacity of 1024 bits each, giving a total random access memory of 1024 words of 36 bits each.

A TEM is composed of several components, which include a vacuum system in which the electrons travel, an electron emission source for generation of the electron stream, a series of electromagnetic lenses, as well as electrostatic plates.

To protect against that and electrostatic buildup, all components of the system are electrically bonded together and connected to one or many grounding systems connecting the lift system to earth ground.

An alternative echo system was the so-called " oil-can delay " method, which uses electrostatic rather than electromagnetic recording.

The sorting process is undertaken by an electrostatic deflection system that diverts cells into containers based upon their charge.

The reeds fit within a comb-like metal plate, and the reeds and plate together form an electrostatic or capacitive pickup system, using a DC voltage of 170v.

An electrostatic pickup system similar to Wurlitzer's is used.

For many years electrostatic loudspeakers had a reputation as a generally unreliable and occasionally dangerous product.

The original printers were an electrostatic technology using toners but now are generally large format inkjet printers using specially formulated inks.

Practitioners using the current loop model generally represent the magnetic field by the solenoidal field B, analogous to the electrostatic field D.

Fly ash is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other particle filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the chimneys of coal-fired power plants, and together with bottom ash removed from the bottom of the furnace is in this case jointly known as coal ash.

Whether evaporated from the material itself, or ionised from the gas, the ions that are evaporated are accelerated by electrostatic force, acquiring most of their energy within a few tip-radii of the sample.

This process was developed from the process of electrostatic copying.

In the UK, many players use a version of anti-set-off spray powder, from the printing industry, which has specific electrostatic properties, with particles of 50-micrometre diameter ().

The bond then results from electrostatic attraction between atoms, and the atoms become positive or negatively charged ions.

Often, such bonds have no particular orientation in space, since they result from equal electrostatic attraction of each ion to all ions around them.

The word is a compound from two Greek terms, ἢλεκτρον, ēlektron, " amber " ( as electrostatic phenomena were first described as properties of amber by the philosopher Thales ), and μαγνήτης, magnētēs, " magnet " ( the magnetic stones found in antiquity in the vicinity of the Greek city of Magnesia, in Lydia, Asia Minor ).

Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used.

Moreover, the interaction seemed different from gravitational and electrostatic forces, the two forces of nature then known.

Nearly simultaneous measurements of the electric and magnetic field spectrum allowed electrostatic waves to be distinguished from electromagnetic waves.

Resulting from this current is an electrostatic field directed E-W ( dawn-dusk ) in the equatorial day side of the ionosphere.

They charged a leyden jar ( a kind of capacitor ), and measured the electrostatic force associated with the potential ; then, they discharged it while measuring the magnetic force from the current in the discharge wire.

A formalism has been worked out for those piezoelectric crystals, for which the polarization is of the crystal-field induced type, that allows for the calculation of piezoelectrical coefficients from electrostatic lattice constants or higher-order Madelung constants.

Such an ion scoop will use electromagnetic funnels, or electrostatic fields to collect ionized hydrogen gas from space for use as propellant by ramjet propulsion systems ( since much of the hydrogen is not ionized, some versions of a scoop propose ionizing the hydrogen, perhaps with a laser, ahead of the ship.

One possible modification of the ramjet design is to use an electrostatic ion scoop, instead of an electromagnetic ion scoop to achieve the ion collection from space.

There will be no converging electromagnetic field lines that can potentially generate drag effects by scooping the ions from interstellar space if this pure electrostatic approach is used.

The effective ion collection radius of an electrostatic ion ram scoop will be the range at which the ramscoop electric field has a greater potential difference from the galactic electric field.

This is a form of Faraday Cage that protected the instrument from external electrostatic charges.

Loudspeakers were described as " dynamic " to distinguish them from the earlier moving iron speaker, or speakers using piezoelectric or electrostatic systems as opposed to a voice coil that moves through a steady magnetic field.

Improvised explosive materials are typically very unstable and subject to spontaneous, unintentional detonation triggered by a wide range of environmental effects ranging from impact and friction to electrostatic shock.

TTL is less sensitive to damage from electrostatic discharge than early CMOS devices.

* The ratio of two energies: ( i ) the energy needed to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between two electrons a distance of d apart, and ( ii ) the energy of a single photon of wavelength ( from a modern perspective, of angular wavelength r = d ; see Planck relation ):

He does not explicitly acknowledge any anticipation of his demonstration of electrostatic repulsion by the latter but, as he quotes a passage from the same page, could not have been unaware that, in a discussion of the nature of electrical attraction, Cabeo had written ( Philosophia Magnetica p. 192 ): " When we see that small bodies ( corpuscula ) are lifted ( sublevari et attolli ) above the amber and also fall back to the motionless amber, it cannot be said that such erratic behaviour ( talem matum-but if " matum " is taken as a misprint for " motum ", then the translation is simply " such motion ") is an attraction by the gravity of the attracting body.

The same word was also used for the substance amber, probably because of the pale yellow color of certain varieties, and it is from the electrostatic properties of amber that the modern English words " electron " and " electricity " derive.