St. Bonaventure ’ s “ Retracing the Arts to Theology ”, a primary example of this method, discusses the skills of the artisan as gifts given by God for the purpose of disclosing God to mankind, which purpose is achieved through four lights: the light of skill in mechanical arts which discloses the world of artifacts ; which light is guided by the light of sense perception which discloses the world of natural forms ; which light, consequently, is guided by the light of philosophy which discloses the world of intellectual truth ; finally, this light is guided by the light of divine wisdom which discloses the world of saving truth.

For example, Leon Trotsky believed that central planners, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and understand / respond to local conditions and changes in the economy would be unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity.

" Thus in the example above, Hecuba presents herself as a sophisticated intellectual describing a rationalized cosmos yet the speech is ill-matched to her audience, Menelaus ( a type of the unsophisticated listener ), and soon it is found not to suit the cosmos either ( her infant grandson is brutally murdered by the victorious Greeks ).

Some scholars, for example A. Rousseau and L. Doutreleau, translators of the French edition ( 1974 ), consider that Irenaeus sometimes uses gnostikos to simply mean " intellectual ", as in 1. 25. 6, 1. 11. 3, 1. 11. 5, whereas his mention of " the intellectual sect " ( Adv.

For example, pharmaceutical companies that produce, apply intellectual property rights in order to prevent other companies from manufacturing their product without the additional cost of research and development.

Schools taught children to respond intellectually to poetry ( for example ) and not emotionally, we are taught to believe that great ideas come from those who are intelligent, and we forget that inspiration is not intellectual.

An example of such intellectual catholicity was set by Anatoli himself ; for, in the course of his " Malmad ," he not only cites incidentally allegoric suggestions made to him by Frederick II., but several times — Güdemann has counted seventeen — he offers the exegetic remarks of a certain Christian savant of whose association he speaks most reverently, and whom, furthermore, he names as his second master besides Samuel ibn Tibbon.

Thus, when he began to develop his theory of physical education, he naturally looked to the example set by the Athenian idea of the gymnasium, a training facility that simultaneously encouraged physical and intellectual development.

One example of the clash of intellectual culture and Adorno's methods can be found in Paul Lazarsfeld, the American sociologist for whom Adorno worked in the middle 1930s after fleeing Hitler.

Jonathan Israel, for example, in Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man, 1670 – 1752 ( 2006 ), constructs an argument that is primarily intellectual in scope.

Berengar of Tours ( c. 999 – January 6, 1088 ) was a French 11th century Christian theologian and Archdeacon of Angers, a scholar whose leadership of the cathedral school at Chartres set an example of intellectual inquiry through the revived tools of dialectic that was soon followed at cathedral schools of Laon and Paris, and who disputed with the Church leadership over the doctrine of transubstantiation in the Eucharist.

Antony Beevor, for example, writes, " Malraux stands out, not just because he was a mythomaniac in his claims of martial heroism – in Spain and later in the French Resistance – but because he cynically exploited the opportunity for intellectual heroism in the legend of the Spanish Republic.

Using Camp Shriver as an example, Shriver promoted the concept of involvement in physical activity and competition opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities.

One can read a text both in terms of a chronological context ( for example, as a contribution to a discipline or tradition as it extended over time ) or in terms of a contemporary intellectual moment ( for example, as participating in a debate particular to a certain time and place ).

A famous example of an intellectual history of a non-canonical thinker is Carlo Ginzburg's study of a 16th-century Italian miller, Menocchio, in his seminal work The Cheese and the Worms.

An example is Reinhart Koselleck ’ s Begriffsgeschichte ( history of concepts ), though there are methodological differences between the work of Koselleck and his followers and the work of Anglo-American intellectual historians.

The Korakistika ( 1819 ), a lampoon written by Jakovakis Rizos Neroulos and directed against the Greek intellectual Adamantios Korais, is a major example of the Modern Greek Enlightenment and emerging nationalism before the Greek War of Independence.

In 1931 Harrison established an 11 acre ( 45, 000 m² ) summer retreat in West Hills, New York, which was a very early example and workshop for the International Style in the United States, and a social and intellectual center of architecture, art, and politics.

From the Gramsci analysis derived the political science denotation of hegemony as leadership ; thus, the historical example of Prussia as the militarily and culturally predominant province of the German Empire ( Second Reich 1871 – 1918 ); and the personal and intellectual predominance of Napoleon Bonaparte upon the French Consulate ( 1799 – 1804 ).

Although the term is often used as a synonym or euphemism for intellectual disability, the term also encompasses many congenital medical conditions that have no mental or intellectual components, for example spina bifida.

For example, in Florida, a court will not grant a petition for a change of name if it finds that ( i ) the petitioner has ulterior or illegal motives in seeking the name change, ( ii ) the petitioner's civil rights are suspended, or ( iii ) granting the name change will invade the property rights ( e. g., intellectual property rights ) of others.

We receive, therefore, in no single intercepting plane behind the system, as, for example, a focusing screen, an image of the object point ; on the other hand, in each of two planes lines O ' and O " are separately formed ( in neighboring planes ellipses are formed ), and in a plane between O ' and O " a circle of least confusion.

However, confusion often stems from the fact that plural verb forms are often used in British English with the singular forms of these count nouns ( for example: " The team have finished the project .").

Perhaps the best example of a film that straddles the line between his works of personal chaos and psychological confusion is Cronenberg's " adaptation " of his literary hero William S. Burroughs ' most controversial book, Naked Lunch.

An example of such a finite field is the ring Z / pZ, which is essentially the set of integers from 0 to p − 1 with integer addition and multiplication modulo p. It is also sometimes denoted Z < sub > p </ sub >, but within some areas of mathematics, particularly number theory, this may cause confusion because the same notation Z < sub > p </ sub > is used for the ring of p-adic integers.

This practice is a cause of confusion, as a hard disk with an advertised capacity of, for example, ""

For example, formulations like " as explained in the previous section " are problematic, because the transcluded section may appear in a different context, causing confusion.

For example, he wrote: " They declare that Judas the traitor was thoroughly acquainted with these things, and that he alone, knowing the truth as no other did, accomplished the mystery of betrayal ; by him all things were thus thrown into confusion.

Rather than presenting a philosophical problem and its solution, Wittgenstein engages in a dialogue, where he provides a thought experiment ( a hypothetical example or situation ), describes how one might be inclined to think about it, and then shows why that inclination suffers from conceptual confusion.

This is an example of the confusion caused by the use of traditional units that may be avoided with SI units because of the careful distinction in SI between force ( in newtons ) and mass ( in kilograms ).

This reduces the confusion that may arise from the use of a common name to designate different things in different places ( example elk ), or from the existence of several common names for a single species.

In Norway, for example, the parliament passed a family name act in 1923, citing the rising population and the need to avoid the confusion of new last names in every generation.

However, to avoid possible confusion, if two anonymous or unknown parties are cited in a specific case or action, the surnames Doe and Roe may be used simultaneously ; for example, " John Doe v. Jane Roe ".

For example, Salvador Dalí intended by his paranoiac-critical method to " systematize confusion thanks to a paranoia and active process of thought and so assist in discrediting completely the world of reality ".

Some authors ( for example Willard, in General Topology ) use the term frontier, instead of boundary in an attempt to avoid confusion with the concept of boundary used in algebraic topology and manifold theory.

This ambiguity works in the other direction also, for example in Vafþrúðnismál, where confusion exists in stanza 46 where Fenrir is given the sun-chasing attributes of his son Sköll.

Literally, the phrase means " avoid being unclear " or " avoid being unclear, support being clear ", but the use of relatively uncommon words causes confusion, making the phrase an example of irony, and more precisely a heterological or hypocritical phrase ( it does not embody its own advice ).

Differences in naming conventions for cartridges can cause confusion ; for example, the projectiles of the. 303 British are actually slightly larger in diameter than the projectiles of the. 308 Winchester, because the ". 303 " refers to the bore diameter in inches, while the ". 308 " refers to the groove diameter in inches ( 7. 70 mm and 7. 82 mm, respectively ).

For example, during the confusion and high casualty rates of both the Normandy landings and the Battle of the Bulge, in order to bolster the strength of a depleted infantry regiment, companies and even battalions were moved around as necessary.

Initially there was much confusion among republicans on the ground, Martin McGuinness for example, joined the Official IRA in 1970, unaware that there had been a split and only later joined the Provisionals.

The long wars, and the greed of the courtiers, who followed the example of Mazarin, made it necessary at times for Fouquet to meet the demands upon him by borrowing upon his own credit, but he soon turned this confusion of the public purse with his own to good account.

It has been inconsistently used in the past by medical professionals, for example as a synonym of bacteremia, causing some confusion.

There is confusion also about his place of birth, " Megara ", which Plato for example understood to be Megara Hyblaea in Sicily, while a scholiast on Plato cites Didymus for the rival theory that the poet was born in a Megara in Attica, and ventures the opinion that Theognis might have later migrated to the Sicilian Megara ( a similar theory had assigned an Attic birthplace to the Spartan poet Tyrtaeus ).

Recognizing that real lenses do not focus all rays perfectly under even the best conditions, the term circle of least confusion is often used for the smallest blur spot a lens can make ( Ray 2002, 89 ), for example by picking a best focus position that makes a good compromise between the varying effective focal lengths of different lens zones due to spherical or other aberrations.

His output varies from the sublime to the ridiculous, and he showed a sense of humor not often associated with sacred music: for example, one of his motets satirizes poor singers ( his setting of Super flumina Babylonis, for five voices ) which includes stuttering, stopping and starting, and general confusion ; it is related in concept if not in style to Mozart's A Musical Joke.