Such an agent is unintelligible to the motivational internalist, because moral judgments about the right thing to do have built into them corresponding motivations to do those things that are judged by the agent to be the moral things to do.

Philosophers distinguish internalist accounts, which assume that perceptions of objects, and knowledge or beliefs about them, are aspects of an individual's mind, and externalist accounts, which state that they constitute real aspects of the world external to the individual.

Brandom may be regarded as hybridising externalist and internalist, allowing knowledge to be accounted for by reliable external process so long as a knower possess some internal understanding of why the belief is reliable.

Thus, Williamson's theory is opposed to the spirit of much traditional evidentialism, primarily because it turns evidentialism from an internalist account of justification to an externalist account ( due to the factive nature of knowledge.

A skeptic may argue that this undermines any claims to knowledge, or even ( by internalist definitions ), justification.

Typically, internalist foundationalists hold that basic beliefs are justified by mental events or states, such as experiences, that do not constitute beliefs ( these are called non-doxastic mental states ).

This evidently presupposes the internalist theory of motivation ( i. e. a belief can itself motivate ), in contrast to the externalist theory of motivation, also known as the Humean theory of motivation ( i. e. both a belief and a desire are required to motivate ).

Conversely, the reasons internalist answers the question in the negative (" No, Sasha does not have a reason not to steal from that poor person, though others might .").

The reasons internalist claims the following: the moral facts are a reason for Sasha's action not to steal from the poor person next to him only if he currently wants to follow the moral law ( or if not stealing from the poor person is a way to satisfy his other current goals — that is, part of what Williams calls his " subjective motivational set ").

From the early modern period till the late twentieth century, the two dominant varieties of foundationalist theories were rationalism and empiricism ( or British empiricism ), both of which are internalist views.

The reasons internalist claims that external reasons are unintelligible ; one has a reason for action only if one has the relevant desire ( that is, only internal reasons can be reasons for action ).

Frank Jackson and John Searle, for example, have defended internalist accounts of thought content according to which the contents of our thoughts are fixed by descriptions that pick out the individuals and kinds that our thoughts intuitively pertain to the sorts of things that we take them to.

That is, the motivational internalist believes that there is an internal, necessary connection between one's conviction that X ought to be done and one's motivation to do X. Conversely, the motivational externalist ( or moral externalist ) claims that there is no necessary, internal connection between moral convictions and moral motives.

One of the oldest and most controversial topics in this area is whether mathematics is internal or external, tracing back to the arguments of Plato, an externalist, and Aristotle, an internalist.

For instance, the internalist Yang Jwingming claims Zhou was a scholar who trained at the famed Shaolin temple and later taught Yue other skills beyond archery, such as various forms of internal and external martial arts.

In 2003, George Cowgill an archaeologist specialising in Teotihuacán who had formerly espoused a mostly internalist perspective on Teotihuacán-Maya relations, summarised the debate, conceding that Teotihuacán had probably exercised some kind of political control in the Maya area in the early classic period and that left an important legacy into the late and epi-classic periods.

Computational states can be individuated by an externalized appeal to content in a broad sense ( i. e. the object in the external world ) or by internalist appeal to the narrow sense content ( content defined by the properties of the system ).< ref name =" bare_url "> Piccinini, Gualtiero, " Computation in Physical Systems ", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2010 Edition ), Edward N. Zalta ( ed.

While unfamiliar with the internalist / externalist debate himself, many point to René Descartes as an early example of the internalist approach to justification.

The chief division within foundationalism is between internalist and externalist varieties.

By the mid-1970s, it had become commonplace among historians of science to employ the terms ‘ Whig ’ and ‘ Whiggish ’, often accompanied by one or more of ‘ hagiographic ’, ‘ internalist ’, ‘ triumphalist ’, even ‘ positivist ’, to denigrate grand narratives of scientific progress.

The internalist side argues for limited direct contact between Teotihuacán and the Maya area.

A huge number of responses to the Gettier problem were formulated, generally falling into internalist and externalist camps, the latter including work by philosophers like Alvin Goldman, Fred Dretske, David Malet Armstrong and Alvin Plantinga.

The Darwall-Gibbard-Railton reformulation argues for the impossibility of equating a moral property with a non-moral one using the internalist theory of motivation.

Somehow more terrible than the certainty that he was about to die was the knowledge that Lord would probably not suffer for it: the murder would go unpunished.

We feel uncomfortable at being bossed by a corporation or a union or a television set, but until we have some knowledge about these phenomena and what they are doing to us, we can hardly learn to control them.

If I am to speak the whole truth about my knowledge of love, I will have to stop trying to emulate the transcendant nightingale.

The knowledge in virtue of which a man is an historian is a knowledge of what the evidence at his disposal proves about certain events ''.

While some suppression and some denial are not only necessary but healthy, the worker's clinical knowledge must determine how these defenses are being used, what healthy shifts in defensive adaptation are indicated, and when efforts at bringing about change can be most effectively timed.

One can take a vase of about 800 B.C. and, without any knowledge of its place of origin, venture to assign it to a specific area ; ;

These studies are being extended to different polymers to increase our knowledge about the hindrances to rotation around chain bonds.

He had first-hand knowledge of the patent wars which had driven about ninety per cent of the milling equipment makers out of business in the mid-1890's.

His mother, who had seen little of him for four years, appeared worried about his sailing off by himself for an Orient which, she herself having slight knowledge of it, had to be distrusted.

* Organizes knowledge about empathy / altruism across disciplines

During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology.

In some senses, agnosticism is a stance about the difference between belief and knowledge, rather than about any specific claim or belief.

He left his native country to travel in pursuit of knowledge, and came to Athens about 589 BC, at a time when Solon was occupied with his legislative measures.

Saxo Grammaticus ' Gesta Danorum was not finished until after the death of Absalon, but Absalon was one of the chief heroic figures of the chronicle, which was to be the main source of knowledge about early Danish history.

Thither he retired in 1798, and there he continued for about a year, principally employed in painting, of which art also he had some knowledge.

This classification was justified by the lack of knowledge about the chemical structure of alkaloids and is now considered obsolete.

By finding how similar two protein sequences are, we acquire knowledge about their structure and therefore their function.

While not illegal, on 15 March the Treasurer of the party, Jack Dromey stated publicly that he had neither knowledge of or involvement in these loans and had only become aware when he read about it in the newspapers.

The earliest bestiary in the form in which it was later popularized was an anonymous 2nd century Greek volume called the Physiologus, which itself summarized ancient knowledge and wisdom about animals in the writings of classical authors such as Aristotle's Historia Animalium and various works by Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Solinus, Aelian and other naturalists.

As more detailed knowledge of biology and biochemistry developed, the colloidal theory was replaced by the macromolecular theory, which explains an enzyme as a collection of identical huge molecules that act as very tiny machines, freely moving about between the water molecules of the solution and individually operating on the substrate, no more mysterious than a factory full of machinery.

Because of the lack of worldwide knowledge about the order in general, very little is known about the order diversity.

Most undergraduate programs emphasize mathematics and physics as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry is also known as " the central science ", thus chemists ought to have a well-rounded knowledge about science.