It has been used by various theologians and philosophers over the centuries, from the ancient Greeks Plato and Aristotle to the medievals ( e. g., St. Thomas Aquinas ) and beyond.

The Greeks said it is rationality ; thus, Aristotle said, A human being is a rational animal.

Until the 12th century brought translations from Arabic sources, Isidore transmitted what western Europeans remembered of the works of Aristotle and other Greeks, although he understood only a limited amount of Greek.

There were several competing early theories of pain among the ancient Greeks: Aristotle believed that pain was due to evil spirits entering the body through injury, and Hippocrates believed that it was due to an imbalance in vital fluids.

Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity ; namely, to treatises like the Timaeus of Plato, or Socrates in his reflections on what the Greeks called khora ( i. e. " space "), or in the Physics of Aristotle ( Book IV, Delta ) in the definition of topos ( i. e. place ), or even in the later " geometrical conception of place " as " space qua extension " in the Discourse on Place ( Qawl fi al-Makan ) of the 11th century Arab polymath Alhazen.

Double pipes, such as those used by the ancient Greeks, and ancient bagpipes, as well as a review of ancient drawings on vases and walls, etc., and ancient writings ( such as in Aristotle, Problems, Book XIX. 12 ) which described musical techniques of the time, indicate polyphony.

The third is by mixing with the Scripture diverse relics of the religion, and much of the vain and erroneous philosophy of the Greeks, especially of Aristotle.

Classical philosophies of the Greeks had already expired and diluted beyond recognition except for small bands of continuators of the traditions of the Pythagoreans, of Plato, and Aristotle ( whose library was lost for centuries ).

Among the Greeks, Aristotle, Homer, and Plato were now being read in the original for the first time since the 4th century, though Greek compositions were few.

A lot of attention is given to Plato, Aristotle, and Karl Marx's views, since they all follow the idea of moral character after the Greeks.

Aristotle justified slavery by the ethnic superiority of the Greeks over the barbarians ; and today the man who is annoyed by feminist claims alleges that woman is naturally inferior

During his tenure he published editions of the " Ethics " of Aristotle ( Oxford, 1828 ) and his course of Lectures on the Coinage of the Greeks and Romans ( Oxford, 1832 ).

He translated some of Plato's and Aristotle ’ s works, and the commentaries of ancient Greeks.

The shift in meaning for " mathema " is likely a result of the rapid categorization during the time of Plato and Aristotle of their " mathemata " in terms of education: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music ( the Quadrivium ), which the Greeks found to create a " natural grouping " of mathematical ( in our modern usage ; " doctrina mathematica " for theirs ) precepts.

Aristotle argued that the Greeks were an ideal race because they possessed a medium skin-tone, in contrast to pale northerners and dark southerners.

He uses these four elements to provide an explanation for the theories of other Greeks concerning atoms, an idea Aristotle considered absurd.

According to Aristotle, Ptolemy, and other philosophers among the Greeks, the stars have no motion of their own, being firmly attached to spheres whose center is the earth.

The early Greeks believed this ocean to be a gigantic river encircling the world.

The Greeks believed amethyst gems could prevent intoxication, while medieval European soldiers wore amethyst amulets as protection in battle in the belief that amethysts heal people and keep them cool-headed.

The Roman author Vitruvius, relying on the writings ( now lost ) of Greek authors, tells us that the ancient Greeks believed that their Doric order developed from techniques for building in wood in which the earlier smoothed tree trunk was replaced by a stone cylinder.

The Greeks believed that slave labour was used, but modern discoveries made at nearby worker's camps associated with construction at Giza suggest it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers.

The ancient Greeks and Romans believed that books on magic were invented by the Persians, with the 1st century CE writer Pliny the Elder stating that magic had been first discovered by the ancient philosopher Zoroaster around the year 6347 BC, but that it was only written down in the 5th century BC by the magician Osthanes — his claims are not however supported by modern historians.

The giraffe was also known to the Greeks and Romans, who believed that it was an unnatural hybrid of a camel and a leopard and called it camelopardalis.

Some ancient Greeks believed that souls were made to drink from the river before being reincarnated, so they would not remember their past lives.

The Greeks believed that only the beloved of the gods could exist there.

Nietzsche believed that the ancient Greeks created tragedy as a result of their pessimism.

Several sophists also questioned received wisdom about the gods and the Greek culture, which they believed was taken for granted by Greeks of their time, making them among the first agnostics.

The Romans and Greeks believed the source of cinnamon to have been the Somali peninsula but in reality, the highly valued product was brought to Somalia by way of Indian ships.

The ancient Greeks thought that the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place in the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modern-day Turkey near the Dardanelles.

Most classical Greeks thought that the war was an historical event, but many believed that the Homeric poems had exaggerated the events to suit the demands of poetry.

In antiquity, the Ancient Greeks and Romans believed in the power of exhaustion in curing people of lycanthropy.

Before the end of the 19th century, the Greeks believed that the corpses of werewolves, if not destroyed, would return to life as vampires in the form of wolves or hyenas which prowled battlefields, drinking the blood of dying soldiers.

Later the Greeks believed that there could live in human form only the heroes, and the beloved of the gods.

Oceanus (; ( Ōkeanós ); ) was a pseudo-geographical feature in classical antiquity, believed by the ancient Greeks and Romans to be the divine personification of the World Ocean, an enormous river encircling the world.

The Greeks believed some of them, like Enceladus, to lay buried from that time under the earth and that their tormented quivers resulted in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

While some cultures considered the knowledge of the dead to be unlimited, ancient Greeks and Romans believed that individual shades knew only certain things.

Some Greek sources say that he was the son of Gaia and Oceanus ; however, ancient Greeks generally believed with Hesiod that Tethys and Oceanus were the parents of all three thousand river gods.

The Midas of the late 8th century BC had a Greek wife and strong ties to the Greeks, which suggests it was he who made the offering ; but Herodotus also says Gyges of Lydia, a contemporary of that Midas, was " the first foreigner since Midas " to make an offering at Delphi, which suggests Herodotus believed the throne was donated by the more ancient Midas.

It is believed that the cult of Adonis was known to the Greeks from around the sixth century B. C., but it is unquestionable that they came to know it through contact with Cyprus.

Atalanta and Hippomenes were turned into lions by Cybele as punishment after having sex in one of her temples they entered to take a rest during their journey to Hippomenes ' home ( the Greeks believed that lions could not mate with other lions, but only with leopards ).

Even Poseidon, who normally favors the Greeks, comes to Aeneas ' rescue after he falls under the assault of Achilles, noting that Aeneas, though from a junior branch of the royal family, is destined to become king of the Trojan people.

This ambivalence is expressed also in the god's association with the Thracians, who were regarded by the Greeks as a barbarous and warlike people.

However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city.

The Founding Declaration of the Independent Greeks strongly emphasises in the preservation of the Greek state and it's sovereignty, the Greek people and the Greek Orthodox Church.

However, by all accounts Hector was the best warrior the Trojans and all their allies could field, and his fighting prowess was admired by Greeks and his own people alike.

*( c. 97 ) Flavius Josephus Against Apion, or Against Apion, or Contra Apionem, or Against the Greeks, on the antiquity of the Jewish people ( usually abbreviated CA )

However, the data of the General Secretariat For Greeks Abroad give an even lower number ( 50 people ).

At this period the area divided from the Jireček Line was populated from people of Thraco-Roman or Illyro-Roman origins, as well from Hellenized citizens of the Byzantine Empire and Byzantine Greeks.

According to the " travels of Hercules " theme, also documented by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo, both Greeks and native Ligurian people asserted that Hercules passed through the area.

While thong sandals were commonly worn, many people in ancient times, such as the Egyptians, Hindu and Greeks, saw little need for footwear, and most of the time, preferred being barefoot.

Although primitive state-forms existed before the rise of the Ancient Greek empire, the Greeks were the first people known to have explicitly formulated a political philosophy of the state, and to have rationally analyzed political institutions.

Many people in ancient times, such as the Egyptians, Hindu and Greeks, saw little need for footwear, and most of the time were barefoot.

Further east, the Greeks of Alexandria Eschate became known to the Chinese people as the Dayuan.

The structure was discovered at Torre Satriano, near the southern city of Potenza, in Basilicata, a region where local people mingled with Greeks who settled along the southern coast known as Magna Graecia and in Sicily from the 8th century BC onwards.

Segesta, called Egesta () by the Greeks, was one of the major cities of the Elymian people, one of the three indigenous peoples of Sicily.

This method, also employed by the Romans, the Greeks and even indigenous people in the Philippines around 1600-1800, is still used today.

He urges Greeks to follow the example of Basil II: "(...) Instead of blinding so many people, Basil should have better killed them instead.

The ancient Greeks constructed temples they called Asclepieions, where sick people were sent to be cured.

The ancient Greeks used the fork as a serving utensil, and it is also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, in the Book of I Samuel 2: 13 (" The custom of the priests with the people was that when any man offered sacrifice, the priest ’ s servant came, while the fresh flesh was boiling, with a fork of three teeth in his hand ...").

Since the 2nd millennium BC, the region now inhabited by the native Pashtun people have been influenced by Ancient Iranian peoples, the Medes, Achaemenids, Greeks, Mauryas, Kushans, Hephthalites, Sassanids, Arab Muslims, Turks, and others.

On the one hand, the ancient Greeks had no doubt that they were ' one people '; they had the same religion, same basic culture, and same language.

It is thought the majority of Valparaíso's people have non-Spanish European background, such as: British and Irish, Australians and New Zealanders, North Americans ( U. S. or Canadian ), Croats and Bosnians, Dutch and Belgians, French, Germans, Greeks, Italians, Portuguese and Scandinavians.

He joined the Parian colony on Thasos and battled the indigenous Thracians, expressing himself in his poems as a cynical, hard-bitten soldier fighting for a country he doesn't love (" Thasos, thrice miserable city ") on behalf of a people he scorns (" The woes of all the Greeks have come together in Thasos "), yet he values his closest comrades and their stalwart, unglamorous commander.