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Anglo-Saxon and literature
Beowulf (; in Old English or ) is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.
Old English literature ( or Anglo-Saxon literature ) encompasses literature written in Old English ( also called Anglo-Saxon ) in Anglo-Saxon England, in the period from the 7th century to the Norman Conquest of 1066.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle otherwise proves significant to study of the era, preserving a chronology of early English history, while the poem Cædmon's Hymn from the 7th century survives as the oldest extant work of literature in English.
Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are Beowulf, an epic poem ; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a record of early English history ; the Franks Casket, an early whalebone artefact ; and Caedmon's Hymn, a Christian religious poem.
The narrator, who occasionally interrupts the narrative flow with asides ( a device common to both children's and Anglo-Saxon literature ), has his own linguistic style separate from those of the main characters.
The names of the dwarf-friendly ravens are also derived from Old Norse for raven and rook, but their characters are unlike the typical war-carrion from Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon literature.
Old English literature contains several instances of Anglo-Saxon kings and warriors taking on wulf as a prefix or suffix in their names.
In the last two lines Tolkien has also introduced the character of answers familiar from Old English riddle literature, while he has extended the staccato Anglo-Saxon lines of his model to adjust to our expectations of five-beat stress in heroic poetry in English.
This essay was the first work of scholarship in which Anglo-Saxon literature was seriously examined for its literary merits not just scholarship about the origins of the English language, or what historical information could be gleaned from the text, as was popular in the 19th century.
Aldhelm () ( c. 639 – 25 May 709 ), Abbot of Malmesbury Abbey, Bishop of Sherborne, Latin poet and scholar of Anglo-Saxon literature, was born before the middle of the 7th century.
The abbey became a centre of learning and here, Caedmon, the cowherd was " miraculously " transformed into an inspired poet whose poetry is an example of Anglo-Saxon literature.
As the invaders integrated, their language and literature mingled with that of the natives: the French dialect of the upper classes became Anglo-Norman, and Anglo-Saxon underwent a gradual transition into Middle English.
The common name Black Curlew may be a reference to the Glossy Ibis and this name appears in Anglo-Saxon literature, indicating that it may have bred in early medieval England but Walden & Albarella do not mention this species.
His books and manuscripts relating to Anglo-Saxon and northern literature, all his collections in the department of British topography, and a large number of his drawings and engravings of other archaeological remains, were bequeathed to the University of Oxford.
* Anglo-Saxon literature

Anglo-Saxon and has
Examination of Beowulf and other Anglo-Saxon poetry for evidence of oral-formulaic composition has met with mixed response.
For many years, early Anglo-Saxon history was essentially a retelling of the Historia, but recent scholarship has focused as much on what Bede did not write as what he did.
Since the early 20th century it has been commonly accepted that Old Irish Bel ( l ) taine is derived from a Common Celtic * belo-te ( p ) niâ, meaning " bright fire " ( where the element * belo-might be cognate with the English word bale in ' bale-fire ' meaning ' white ' or ' shining '; compare Anglo-Saxon bael, and Lithuanian / Latvian baltas / balts, found in the name of the Baltic ; in Slavic languages byelo or beloye also means ' white ', as in Беларусь ( White Russia or Belarus ) or Бе ́ лое мо ́ ре Sea ).
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, an important source for early dates, is inconsistent with Bede and also has inconsistencies among different manuscript versions.
Though place names survived the deurbanized Sub-Roman and early Anglo-Saxon periods, and historiography has been at pains to signal the expected survivals, archaeology shows that a bare handful of Roman towns were continuously occupied.
In its modern usage, the idea that a part of the Americas has affinity with the Romance cultures as a whole can be traced back to the 1830s, in the writing of the French Saint-Simonian Michel Chevalier, who postulated that this part of the Americas was inhabited by people of a " Latin race " and that it could, therefore, ally itself with " Latin Europe " in a struggle with " Teutonic Europe ", " Anglo-Saxon America " and " Slavic Europe ".
An example of the opposite case is " cuckoo ", which, due to continuous familiarity with the bird noise down the centuries, has kept approximately the same pronunciation as in Anglo-Saxon times and its vowels have not changed to as in " furrow ".
Harold's strong association with Bosham, his birthplace, and the discovery in 1954 of an Anglo-Saxon coffin in the church there, has led some to suggest it as the place of King Harold's burial.
Historian Norman F. Cantor has made the paradoxical statement that he was " the most effective king in Anglo-Saxon history ", despite his not being Anglo-Saxon.
Lapis lazuli has also been identified in Chinese paintings from the 10th and 11th centuries, in Indian mural paintings from the 11th, 12th, and 17th centuries, and on Anglo-Saxon and Norman illuminated manuscripts from c. 1100.
The name has also been applied to the ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the East Angles.
Despite being surrounded by Anglo-Saxon Common Law territories, Louisiana's civil code has kept its Roman roots, and some of its aspects feature influences by the Napoleonic Code, but remains based more on Roman and Spanish civil traditions.
Wolfgang Grape has challenged the consensus that the embroidery is Anglo-Saxon, distinguishing between Anglo-Saxon and other Northern European techniques ; however, textile authority Elizabeth Coatsworth refutes this argument.
The principal area of settlement in the 5th century has been identified as between the lower Ouse and Cuckmere rivers in East Sussex, based on the number of Anglo-Saxon cemeteries there.
Once the writing of Old English comes to an end, Middle English has no standard language, only dialects which derive from the dialects of the same regions in the Anglo-Saxon period.
Early Middle English ( 1100 – 1300 ) has a largely Anglo-Saxon vocabulary ( with many Norse borrowings in the northern parts of the country ), but a greatly simplified inflectional system.
The area is first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it was written in Latin as " Chenesitone ", which has been interpreted to have originally been " Kenesignetun " ( Kenesigne's land or meadows ) in Anglo-Saxon.
This has a portrait of Æthelstan presenting the book to Cuthbert ( illustration below ), which is the earliest surviving manuscript portrait of an Anglo-Saxon king.
Patrick Wormald, who has argued that written law had little practical use in Anglo-Saxon England, states that there is little homogeneity to the laws, and that the sporadic nature of them indicate little sign of a coherent system based on written law.
Stratford has Anglo-Saxon origins, and grew up as a market town in medieval times.

Anglo-Saxon and gone
His coins were similar in size and weight to the continental deniers of the period, and to the Anglo-Saxon sceats which had gone before it, which were probably also called " pence ".

Anglo-Saxon and through
He travelled through Hungary, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle stated that " he went to Jerusalem in such state as no-one had done before him ".
What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon.
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.
Contemporary historian Ralph of Diceto traced his family's lineage through Edith to the Anglo-Saxon kings of England and Alfred the Great, and from there linked them to Noah and Woden.
" Anglo-Saxon " in linguistics is still used as a term for the original West Germanic component of the modern English language, which was later expanded and developed through the influence of Old Norse and Norman French, though linguists now more often refer to it as Old English.
As in other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, the many small monasteries established by the Mercian kings allowed the political / military and ecclesiastical leadership to consolidate their unity through bonds of kinship.
Rigging ( from Anglo-Saxon wrigan or wringing, " to clothe ") is the apparatus through which the force of the wind is used to propel sailboats and sailing ships forward.
As a part of Anglo-Saxon art the manuscript reveals a love of riddles and surprise, shown through the pattern and interlace in the meticulously designed pages.
Harefield enters recorded history through the Domesday Book ( 1086 ) as Herefelle, comprising the Anglo-Saxon words Here " army " ( c. f.
The name Southall derives from the Anglo-Saxon dative æt súð healum, " At the south corner ( of the land or wood )" and súð heal, " South corner " and separates it from Northolt which was originally norþ heal, " North corner " which through a later association with Anglo-Saxon holt, " Wood, copse " developed into Northolt.
Godiva (, " god gift "), often referred to as Lady Godiva, was an 11th-century Anglo-Saxon noblewoman who, according to legend, rode naked through the streets of Coventry in order to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation imposed by her husband on his tenants.
In Anglo-Saxon times, the Fleet was still a substantial body of water, joining the Thames through a marshy tidal basin over wide at the mouth of the Fleet Valley.
The ruined parish church North Walsham, an Anglo-Saxon settlement, and the neighbouring village of Worstead became very prosperous from the 12th century through the arrival of weavers from Flanders.
The Book of Kells is one of the finest and most famous of a group of manuscripts in what is known as the Insular style, produced from the late 6th through the early 9th centuries in monasteries in Ireland, Scotland and England and in continental monasteries with Hiberno-Scottish or Anglo-Saxon foundations.
The Anglo-Saxon word feldefare perhaps meant traveller through the fields.
This image of Christ as a “ heroic lord ” or “ heroic warrior ” is seen frequently in Anglo-Saxon ( as well as further Germanic ) literature, and follows in line with the theme of understanding Christianity through pre-Christian Germanic tradition.
From ancient times, at least early as the Iron Age period ( before the Roman invasion of 43 AD ) and through Anglo-Saxon times, it stretched from Berkshire through Oxfordshire and crossed the River Thames at Cholsey, near Wallingford.
Various forms of the name, the earliest in Anglo-Saxon charters are Icenhilde Weg or Icenilde Weg, designate roads from the borders of Norfolk through Cambridgeshire, Bucks, Berks, Hants, and Wilts into Dorset.
Weapons such as swords circulated through Anglo-Saxon society as inheritance through family, birthed through the monsters, found under magic rocks, and as rewards between lords and their subjects.

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