Well-known species of the Euphausiidae of commercial krill fisheries include Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ), Pacific krill ( Euphausia pacifica ) and Northern krill ( Meganyctiphanes norvegica ).

Commercial fishing of Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish is managed by CCAMLR around most of the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions, however the fisheries that lie within a nation ’ s Exclusive Economic Zones ( EEZ ) are managed by those nations, taking into account management recommendations and approaches by CCAMLR.

Named the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( CCAMLR-pronounced camel-lahr ), it now manages the fin fish ( mostly toothfish ) and krill fisheries in the Southern Ocean.

The total global harvest of krill from all fisheries amounts to 150 – 200, 000 tonnes annually, mainly Antarctic krill and North Pacific krill ( E. pacifica ).

However their argument was somewhat flawed as many fisheries in the world, such as in Antarctic waters are virtually untouched but they are remote from the USA and require very large seagoing vessels.

Unregulated fishing landed five to six times more than the regulated fishery, and allegedly illegal fishing in Antarctic waters in 1998 resulted in the seizure ( by France and Australia ) of at least eight fishing ships.

* The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed October 4, 1991 and entered into force January 14, 1998 ; this agreement prevents development and provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna and flora, environmental impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas.

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling, Air Pollution – Persistent Organic Pollutants ( signed 2001, ratified 2002 ), Climate Change – Kyoto Protocol ( signed May 1998, ratified together with 14 other EU countries May 31, 2002 ).

* Barrow's Boys-Fergus Fleming ( 1998 ) " For 30 years beginning 1816, the British Admiralty's John Barrow and his elite team charted large areas of the Arctic, discovered the North Magnetic Pole, were the first to see volcanoes in the Antarctic, crossed the Sahara to find Timbuktu and the mouth of the Niger-John Ross, John Franklin, William Edward Parry and others.

McMurdo has attempted to improve environmental management and waste removal over the past decade in order to adhere to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which was signed Oct. 4, 1991, and entered into force Jan. 14, 1998.

As recently as 1998 the Antarctic Expedition Medal still appeared in U. S. Navy uniform regulations precedence charts, after the WW II Victory Medal, and before the Navy Occupation Service Medal.

In the two subsequent flights in 1998 and 2003 the balloon was launched from McMurdo Station in the Antarctic.

His best-known pieces include the Pulitzer-winning, Shakespeare-inspired Tempest Fantasy, a 30-minute chamber work scored for clarinet, violin, violoncello, and piano, which was premiered on May 2, 2003 at the Morgan Library in New York City by David Krakauer and Trio Solisti, for whom it was written ; Northern Lights Electric, a 1994 work that combines a musical illustration of the Northern Lights with a musical depiction of electric light ; and the 1998 cantata Fire / Ice / Air, which contrasts the journeys of Captain Robert Falcon Scott, on his expedition to the Antarctic, and Charles Lindbergh, on his trans-Atlantic flight.

* de Gerlache de Gomery, A., M. Raraty ( translation ), Fifteen months in the Antarctic ( Bluntisham 1998 )

The novel was heavily influenced by Robinson's 1995 stay in Antarctica as part of the National Science Foundation's Antarctic Artists and Writers Program, and was nominated for a Locus Award in 1998.

A similar system ( differing from the former in the treatment of letters ъ, у, and digraphs ай, ей, ой and уй ), called the " Streamlined System " by Ivanov ( 2003 ) and Gaidarska ( 1998 ), was adopted in 1995 for use in Bulgarian-related place names in Antarctica by the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria.

As head of the Office of Legal Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 1998, he has acted as legal adviser to the Government in the areas of general international public law, European Union law, international human rights law, Law of the Sea and laws on the Antarctic.

It is surrounded by the southern waters of the World Ocean – alternatively ( depending on source ), it is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.

A number of tour boats, ranging from large motorized vessels to small sailing yachts, visit the Antarctic Peninsula during the summer months ( January – March ).

Antarctic sea ice cycles seasonally, in February – March the amount of sea ice is lowest, and in August – September the sea ice is at its greatest extent.

* 1959 – Cold War: Opening date for signature of the Antarctic Treaty, which sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on the continent.

* 1958 – The 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition becomes the first expedition to reach The Pole of Relative Inaccessibility in the Antarctic.

* 1886 – Apsley Cherry-Garrard, English Antarctic explorer ( d. 1959 )

* 1820 – A Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev discovers the Antarctic continent approaching the Antarctic coast.

* 1961 – Cold War: the Antarctic Treaty, which sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on the continent, comes into force after the opening date for signature set for the December 1, 1959.

* 1773 – Captain James Cook and his crew become the first Europeans to sail below the Antarctic Circle.

* 1978 – Emilio Palma, first person born on the Antarctic continent

Local estimates include roughly 25, 000 in the Antarctic, 8, 500 in the tropical Pacific, 2, 250 – 2, 700 off the cooler northeast Pacific and 500 – 1, 500 off Norway.

* 1880 – Lawrence Oates, English army officer and Antarctic explorer ( d. 1912 )

Environment – international agreements: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution ( MARPOL 73 / 78 ); signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea.

* 2007 –, a cruise liner carrying 154 people, sinks in the Antarctic Ocean south of Argentina after hitting an iceberg near the South Shetland Islands.

* 1991 – The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is opened for signature.

In addition, while the highest amounts of column ozone over the Arctic occur in the northern spring ( March – April ), the opposite is true over the Antarctic, where the lowest amounts of column ozone occur in the southern spring ( September – October ).

* Sir Ernest Shackleton ( 1874 – 1922 ), Antarctic explorer during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.

Antarctic airports are subject to severe restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions ; they do not meet ICAO standards, and advance approval from the respective governmental or nongovernmental operating organization is required for landing ( 1999 est.

* Caesar, Adrian: The White: Last Days in the Antarctic Journeys of Scott and Mawson 1911 – 1913 Pan MacMillan, Sydney, 1999, ISBN 978-0-330-36157-6

Chaosium's role-playing adventure Beyond the Mountains of Madness ( 1999 ), a sequel to Lovecraft's novel, includes a " missing ending " of Poe's novel, in which Pym encounters some of Lovecraft's creatures at their Antarctic city.

* 1999: Antarctic Glaciological Data Center ( AGDC ) established with NSF support

* Vanda Station: History of an Antarctic Outpost by David L. Harrowfield ( Christchurch 1999 & 2006, New Zealand Antarctic Society Inc, 52 pp. ) ISBN 0-473-06467-7

Dr. Jerri Nielsen was the sole physician on duty at the U. S. National Science Foundation Amundsen – Scott Antarctic research station in 1999 when she found a lump on her breast.

The first scientific expedition to the Antarctic ( Bluntisham 1999 )

* Legacy ( Antarctic Press ), a 1999 quarterly series from Antarctic Press

Another system along similar lines, differing from the Antarctic one only in the treatment of ц (< ts > vs. < c >), was adopted by the Bulgarian authorities for use in identity documents in 1999 ; after an amendment in 2000, the official Bulgarian system became identical with that of the Antarctica Commission.

He is best known for his Antarctic expedition of 1999, undertaken with fellow Australian explorer Peter Treseder.

It was named after Julia Mary Uberuaga, who from 1979 to 1999 made 20 consecutive Antarctic seasonal deployments working for contractors in support of USAP.