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Antiochus I ( reigned 281 – 261 BC ) and his son and successor Antiochus II Theos ( reigned 261 – 246 BC ) were faced with challenges in the west, including repeated wars with Ptolemy II and a Celtic invasion of Asia Minor — distracting attention from holding the eastern portions of the Empire together.
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Antiochus and I
Gold stater of the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter ( reigned 281 – 261 BCE ) showing on the reverse a nude Apollo holding his key attributes: two arrows and leaning on a bow.
Along with his sister Laodice VI, the youngster Alexander was " discovered " by Heracleides, a former minister of Antiochus IV and brother of Timarchus, an usurper in Media who had been executed by the reigning king Demetrius I Soter.
They were eventually defeated by the Seleucid king Antiochus I, in a battle where the Seleucid war elephants shocked the Celts.
He observes that " Mithras — moreover, a Mithras who was identified with the Greek Sun god Helios " was among the gods of the syncretic Graeco-Armenian-Iranian royal cult at Nemrut founded by Antiochus I of Commagene in the mid 1st century BC.
His son and successor, Antiochus I Soter, was left with an enormous realm consisting of nearly all of the Asian portions of the Empire, but faced with Antigonus II Gonatas in Macedonia and Ptolemy II Philadelphus in Egypt, he proved unable to pick up where his father had left off in conquering the European portions of Alexander's empire.
Although initially unsuccessful in the Fourth Syrian War against Egypt, which led to a defeat at the Battle of Raphia ( 217 BC ), Antiochus would prove himself to be the greatest of the Seleucid rulers after Seleucus I himself.
Epiphanes ' young son, Antiochus V Eupator, was first overthrown by Seleucus IV's son, Demetrius I Soter in 161 BC.
A Comprehensive Catalogue, Part I, Seleucus I through Antiochus III, With Metrological Tables by B. Kritt, I-II, New York-Lancaster-London, 2002.
His successor was his son Antiochus I.
* 175 BC: Antiochus IV Epiphanes, took possession of the Syrian throne, at the murder of his brother Seleucus IV Philopator, which rightly belonged to his nephew Demetrius I Soter.
* 281 BC: Antiochus I Soter, on the assassination of his father Seleucus becomes emperor of the Seleucid empire
The Macedonians, especially Seleucus I and his son Antiochus I ), established the Seleucid Empire and founded great many Greek towns.
** Timarchus, Seleucid nobleman, possibly from Miletus in Anatolia, appointed governor of Media in western Iran by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and who has rebelled against his successor, Demetrius I Soter, until he is killed in a battle with Demetrius ' forces
* King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene builds his mountain-top tomb-sanctuary at Mount Nemrut.
The Ruin of Esagila Chronicle mentions that the Seleucid crown prince Antiochus I decided to finally rebuild it, sacrificed, stumbled and fell, and angrily ordered his elephant drivers to destroy the last remains.
* Philip I Philadelphus and Antiochus XI Ephiphanes succeed as co-rulers after the deposition of Seleucus VI Epiphanes.
* The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the late Antiochus IV, defeats the Seleucid king, Demetrius I Soter, in battle and kills him.
* Diodotus I, Seleucid satrap of Bactria, rebels against Antiochus II and becomes the founder of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.
* Antiochus III advances into Bactria, which is ruled by the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus I, and again meets with success.
* Antiochus III's army crosses the Hellespont into Thrace, where he claims sovereignty over territory that has been won by Seleucus I in 281 BC.
* Cleopatra I Syra, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice, marries the Egyptian King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.
Antiochus and reigned
For years in a manner similar to what befell the Roman provinces under the Germans or the Irish under the Normans, the chieftains and their war bands ravaged the western half of Asia Minor, as allies of one or other of the warring princes, without any serious check, until they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax, who reigned in Asia Minor.
* 164 BC – Antiochus IV Epiphanes (" God Manifest "), Seleucid king of the Syrian kingdom who has reigned since 175 BC, and has encouraged Greek culture and institutions but also attempted to suppress Judaism, which has led to the uprisings in Judea towards the end of his reign ( b. c. 215 BC )
** Antiochus V Eupator, ruler of the Seleucid Empire, who has reigned from 164 BC ( b. c. 173 BC )
* Antiochus V Eupator, ruler of the Seleucid Empire, who has reigned from 164 BC ( b. c. 173 BC )
* Antiochus IV Epiphanes (" God Manifest "), Seleucid king of the Syrian kingdom who has reigned since 175 BC, and has encouraged Greek culture and institutions but also attempted to suppress Judaism, which has led to the uprisings in Judea towards the end of his reign ( b. c. 215 BC )
* Antiochus II Theos ( 286 BC – 246 BC ), king of the Seleucid Empire who reigned 261 BC – 246 BC
* Antiochus V Eupator ( 173 BC – 162 BC ), ruler of the Seleucid Empire who reigned 164-162 BC
* Antiochus VII Sidetes ( died 129 BC ), king of the Seleucid Empire, reigned from 138 to 129 BC
* Antiochus XII Dionysus ( Epiphanes / Philopator / Callinicus ), ruler of the Seleucid Empire reigned 87 – 84 BC ; fifth son of Antiochus VIII Grypus
* Antiochus I Theos of Commagene ( died 38 BC ), reigned 70 BC-38 BC
* Antiochus III of Commagene ( died 17 ), reigned 12 BC-17
* Antiochus IV of Commagene, reigned 38-72
Gaius Julius Antiochus IV Epiphanes (, before 17 AD – after 72 AD ), the last king of Commagene, reigned between 38 – 72 as a client king to the Roman Empire.
Antiochus II Theos ( Greek: Αντίοχος Β ' Θεός, 286 BC – 246 BC ) was a king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Kingdom who reigned in 261 BC – 246 BC ).
Antiochus VII Euergetes, nicknamed Sidetes ( from Side ), ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, reigned from 138 to 129 BC.
Antiochus XII Dionysus ( Epiphanes / Philopator / Callinicus ), a ruler of the Greek Seleucid kingdom who reigned 87 – 84 BC, was the fifth son of Antiochus VIII Grypus and Tryphaena to take up the diadem.
Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamon ( reigned 159 – 138 BCE ), Ptolemy VI of Egypt ( reigned 163 – 145 BCE ), and Ptolemy's co-ruler Cleopatra II of Egypt were deteriorating, and they supported a rival claimant to the Seleucid throne: Alexander Balas, who purported to be the son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and a first cousin of Demetrius.
Antiochus and 281
* Antiochus I Soter, king of the Seleucid Kingdom from 281 BC ( b. c. 323 BC )
* Seleucus I Nicator ( Satrap 311 – 305 BC, King 305 BC – 281 BC ), son of Antiochus and founder of the Seleucid Empire
Stratonice ( in Greek Στρατoνικη ; lived in the 3rd century BC ) of Macedonia was the daughter of Stratonice of Syria and of the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter ( 281 – 261 BC ).
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