Applying Hubble's law to these redshifts, it can be shown that they are between 600 million and 28 billion light-years away ( in terms of proper distance ).

Applying the rules and customs of prize law, the courts decided whether the Letter of Marque was valid and current, and whether the captured vessel or its cargo in fact belonged to the enemy ( not always easy, when flying false flags was common practice ), and if so the prize and its cargo were " condemned ", to be sold at auction with the proceeds divided among the privateer's owner and crew.

Applying the conservation of energy, for steady-state conditions, and Newton ’ s law of cooling to the temperature nodes shown in Figure 2 gives the following set of equations.

Applying the ideal gas law, this becomes

Applying this principle to the art of poetry, and analysing, line by line and even word by word, the works of great poets, he deduced the law that the beauty of poetry consists in the accuracy, beauty and harmony of individual expression.

Applying the chaos theory to the second law of thermodynamics, the paradox of irreversibility can be explained in the errors associated with scaling from microstates to macrostates and the degrees of freedom used when making experimental observations.

Applying the exterior connection to both sides gives the transformation law for ω:

Applying this common law action to computer networks, plaintiffs must first prove that they received some type of electronic communication ( typically bulk e-mail or spam ) that the defendant intentionally sent to interfere with the plaintiff's interest in his or her property and second that this communication caused a quantifiable harm to their tangible property, such as impaired functioning of the computer, network or server.

Applying rational-basis review, the Court held that the law was supported by substantial public-health evidence, and was not arbitrary or irrational.

Applying a new standard of " strict scrutiny " in various areas of civil rights law, the Court began to apply this standard to the First Amendment religion clauses as well, reading the Free Exercise Clause to require accommodation of religious conduct except where a state could show a compelling interest and no less burdensome means to achieve that end.

Applying Faraday's law of induction to plane waves, we find, implying that an electrostatic wave must be purely longitudinal.

Applying an ancient rule that when a husband and wife are known to be alone together behind a closed door the law presumes sexual intercourse may well have taken place, Rabbi Yosef concluded that it was possible the former husband was the daughter's father and hence Jewish law, which very strongly construes all evidence in favour of birth within marriage, had to presume that he was.

Applying the Beer-Lambert law directly in AA spectroscopy is difficult due to variations in the atomization efficiency from the sample matrix, and nonuniformity of concentration and path length of analyte atoms ( in graphite furnace AA ).

Applying this age to the base of the Ediacaran assumes that individual cap carbonates are synchronous around the world and that the correct cap carbonate layers have been correlated between Australian and Namibia.

* Applying a Doppler ultrasonic scanner, the surgeon identifies the axial pedicle of the tissue-flap ( composed of the supraorbital artery and the supratrochlear artery ), usually at the base, next to the medial brow ; the point usually is between the midline and the supraorbital notch.

Applying the XOR gate's output to a low-pass filter results in an analog voltage that is proportional to the phase difference between the two signals.

Applying Ohm's Law, the relationship between the input voltage, V < sub > in </ sub >, and the output voltage, V < sub > out </ sub >, can be found:

Applying again Bayes ' theorem, and assuming the classification between spam and ham of the emails containing a given word (" replica ") is a random variable with beta distribution, some programs decide to use a corrected probability:

Applying the Theil index to allocation processes in the real world does not imply that these processes are stochastic: the Theil yields the distance between an ordered resource distribution in an observed system to the final stage of stochastic resource distribution in a closed system.

Applying the modern rule, both titles descend to heirs general, which left them in abeyance between the daughters of Sir Owen West, and this situation persists to the present day with their respective heirs.

Applying jpeg compression on every frame can reduce the BPP to 8 or even 1 bits / pixel.

Applying Fubini's theorem and integrating on the fiber, one gets

Applying this objective test, the Court has held Miranda does not apply to roadside questioning of a stopped motorist or to questioning of a person briefly detained on the street — a Terry stop.

Applying source separation techniques on the measured signals can help remove undesired artifacts from the signal.

Applying carefully selected rules at the social level and encouraging appropriate motives at the personal level is, so it is argued, likely to lead to a better overall outcome even if on some individual occasions it leads to the wrong action when assessed according to act utilitarian standards.

Applying again the matrix operator on both side yields

Applying the transmission line model based on the telegrapher's equations, the general expression for the characteristic impedance of a transmission line is:

Applying the filter to an input in this form is equivalent to a Direct Form I or II realization, depending on the exact order of evaluation.

Applying a conception of such illocutionary acts according to which they are ( roughly ) acts of saying something with the intention of communicating with an audience, he describes indirect speech acts as follows: " In indirect speech acts the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of relying on their mutually shared background information, both linguistic and nonlinguistic, together with the general powers of rationality and inference on the part of the hearer.

Applying the scheme discussed above on a fairly modern Windows based system typically results in the following drive letter assignments:

Applying himself to this problem, Giacconi worked on the instrumentation for X-ray astronomy ; from rocket-borne detectors in the late 1950s and early 1960s, to Uhuru, the first orbiting X-ray astronomy satellite, in the 1970s.

Applying Clausius inequality on this loop,

Applying an operation on a scene graph requires some way of dispatching an operation based on a node's type.

* CLAVIER: Applying case-based reasoning on to composite part fabrication

Applying both sides to e < sub > j </ sub >, the result on each side is the jth partial derivative of f at p. Since p and j were arbitrary, this proves the formula (*).

Applying for a commercial pilot's licence on 2 June 1921 ( in which he gave his name as ' Charles Edward Kingsford-Smith '), he became one of Australia's first airline pilots when he was chosen by Norman Brearley to fly for the newly formed West Australian Airways.

Applying a little bit of ghee on cotton and keeping it on the navel overnight is considered a remedy for dry lips.

Applying this estimate to any even power V < sup > k </ sup > of V and using the Künneth formula shows that the eigenvalues of Frobenius on the middle cohomology of a variety V of any dimension d satisfy

He also wrote An Essay on Electricity: Explaining the Theory and Practice of that Useful Science, and the Mode of Applying it to Medical Purposes ( London, 1784 ), which ran to four editions in his lifetime.

Applying information extraction on text, is linked to the problem of text simplification in order to create a structured view of the information present in free text.

* Applying for a job in an " essential " civilian occupation and seeking deferment on those grounds-often this required a letter from the potential draftee's employer to be accepted.