“ This doctrine is rooted in Aristotle's conception of the soul, and has antecedents in Hobbes's conception of the mind as a ‘ calculating machine ’, but it has become fully articulated ( and popularly endorsed ) only in the last third of the 20th century .” In so far as it mediates stimulus and response, a mental function is analogous to a program that processes input / output in automata theory.

Holding against any sort of orthodoxy, particularly Aristotle's physics, he maintains " the conception of an ' absolute ' time, regarded by him as a never-ending flow ".

" He held that corollarial deduction matches Aristotle's conception of direct demonstration, which Aristotle regarded as the only thoroughly satisfactory demonstration, while theorematic deduction ( A ) is the kind more prized by mathematicians, ( B ) is peculiar to mathematics, and ( C ) involves in its course the introduction of a lemma or at least a definition uncontemplated in the thesis ( the proposition that is to be proved ); in remarkable cases that definition is of an abstraction that " ought to be supported by a proper postulate.

1041 ) presented a thorough mathematical critique and refutation of Aristotle's conception of place ( topos ) in his Risala / Qawl fi ’ l-makan ( Treatise / Discourse on Place ).

Augustine affirmed Aristotle's concepts of ensoulment occurring some time after conception, after which point abortion was to be considered homicide, while still maintaining the condemnation of abortion at any time from conception onward.

Aristotle's Poetics is often referred to as the counterpart to this Platonic conception of poetry.

* On Interpretation ( Latin: De Interpretatione, Greek Perihermenias ) introduces Aristotle's conception of proposition and judgment, and the various relations between affirmative, negative, universal, and particular propositions.

As a conception of the ideal man, the Randian hero has much in common with Aristotle's conception of agathos, in that both are morally heroic and heroically rational.

Plotinus sought to reconcile Aristotle's energeia with Plato's Demiurge, which, as Demiurge and mind ( nous ), is a critical component in the ontological construct of human consciousness used to explain and clarify substance theory within Platonic realism ( also called idealism ).

Hobbes has no use for Aristotle's association of nature with human perfection, inverting Aristotle's use of the word " nature.

Aristotle's treatise on rhetoric is an attempt to systematically describe civic rhetoric as a human art or skill ( techne ).

But teleological accounts such as Aristotle's were highly influential for those who attempt to explain reason in a way which is consistent with monotheism and the immortality and divinity of the human soul.

In Aristotle's sense, virtue is excellence at being human, a skill that helps a person survive, thrive, form meaningful relationships, and find happiness.

Thus, Aristotle's theories seem to deny the immortality of the individual human soul.

Thus, Aristotle's theories seem to deny the immortality of the individual human soul.

In Aristotle's works, eudaimonia was ( based on older Greek tradition ) used as the term for the highest human good, and so it is the aim of practical philosophy, including ethics and political philosophy, to consider ( and also experience ) what it really is, and how it can be achieved.

He thought Aristotle had achieved the pinnacle of human striving for truth apart from divine revelation and thus adopted Aristotle's philosophy as a framework in constructing his theological and philosophical outlook.

Virtue theory emphasizes Aristotle's belief in the polis as the acme of political organization, and the role of the virtues in enabling human beings to flourish in that environment.

Fukuyama sketches a brief history of man's changing understanding of human nature: from Plato and Aristotle's belief that humans had " natural ends " to the ideals of utopians and dictators of the modern age who sought to remake mankind for ideological ends.

Aristotle's main notion is that the ancient Greek polis or city-state is the natural end of human beings ; they start in family groups, progress naturally to forming villages, and finally come together in cities.

In this text, Sloterdijk regards cultures and civilizations as " anthropogenic hothouses ," installations for the cultivation of human beings ; just as we have established wildlife preserves to protect certain animal species, so too ought we to adopt more deliberate policies to ensure the survival of Aristotle's zoon politikon.

Invoking the so-called unities from Aristotle's Poetics ( as interpreted by Italian and refined by French scholars over the last century ), the four speakers discuss what makes a play " a just and lively imitation " of human nature in action.

More serious is Aristotle's description of man as the " communal animal " ( ζῶον πολιτικόν ), i. e., emphasizing society-building as a central trait of human nature, and " animal with sapience " (, animal rationale ), a term that also inspired the species ' taxonomy, Homo sapiens.

Perhaps the most important but obscure argument in the whole book is Aristotle's demonstration of the immortality of the thinking part of the human soul, also in Chapter V. Taking a premise from his Physics, that as a thing acts, so it is, he argues that since the mind acts with no bodily organ, it exists without the body.

Aristotle's epigenetic view of successive life principles (" souls ") in a developing human embryo — first a vegetative and then a sensitive or animal soul, and finally an intellective or human soul, with the higher levels able to carry out the functions also of the lower levels — was the prevailing view among early Christians, including Tertullian, Augustine, and Jerome.

They existed, in one form or the other, in all human societies, and eventually developed into institutions, such as the Platonic Academy, Aristotle's Peripatetic school in the Lyceum, the Musaeum and the Library of Alexandria, or the schools of Babylonian astronomy.

Browne revisited the controversy in his Miscellany Tracts ( 1684 ), wherein he takes pains ( even citing Aristotle's Animalia ) to both indicate the relationship of locusts to grasshoppers and to affirm their like disparateness from cicadas:

Aristotle's De Interpretatione ( the Latin title by which it is usually known ) or On Interpretation ( Greek Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας or Peri Hermeneias ) is one of the earliest surviving philosophical works in the Western tradition to deal with the relationship between language and logic in a comprehensive, explicit, and formal way.

Eugene Garver, in his critique of " Aristotle's Rhetoric ", confirms that Aristotle viewed rhetoric as a civic art.

He viewed motion, with Aristotle, as an activity, not carrying its own goal in itself ( ateles ), of that which only potentially exists, but he opposed Aristotle's view that motion required a special explanation, and he regarded it as something proper both to nature in general and the celestial system in particular:

" Discusses how Aristotle's logic was viewed by his many successors.

While still largely accurate factually ( only rarely have ancient texts been emended so severely as to warrant a biographical change ), much is missing, especially more recent discoveries ( like Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians, or the decipherment of Linear B ) and epigraphic material ; perhaps more seriously, the context in which ancient evidence is viewed has often changed in the intervening century and a half.

Of particular importance is Hegel's appropriation of Aristotle's organicist and essentialist categories in the light of Kant's transcendental turn.

" On the other hand, Aristotle's Arabic commentator Ibn al-Bitriq considered " the Milky Way to be a phenomenon exclusively of the heavenly spheres, not of the upper part of the atmosphere " and that the " light of those stars makes a visible patch because they are so close.

Euripides's reputation was to take a beating early in the nineteenth century when Friedrich Schlegel and his brother August Wilhelm Schlegel championed Aristotle's ' biological ' model of theatre history, identifying Euripides with the moral, political and artistic degeneration of Athens.

In addition to these, Shakespeare also wrote a number of plays about English history, such as Richard II, which can be considered a tragedy, as the hero of the play exhibits many of Aristotle's definitions of what is required to obtain " tragic " status.

The history of these statements can be traced back to Aristotle's On Generation and Corruption and Cicero's De natura deorum, through Blaise Pascal and Jonathan Swift, and finally to modern statements with their iconic typewriters.

Its history predates this, as a passage in Aristotle's Meteorologica ( II. 3, 358b16 ) refers to the distillation of water.

Vitalism played a pivotal role in the history of chemistry since it gave rise to the basic distinction between organic and inorganic substances, following Aristotle's distinction between the mineral kingdom and the animal and vegetative kingdoms.

Aristotle's theology, and the scholastic view of God, have been influential in Western intellectual history.

He followed Aristotle's natural history by including the martichoras — mistranscribed as manticorus in his copy of Aristotle and thus passing into European languages — among his descriptions of animals in Naturalis Historia, c. 77 AD.

He lectured on ancient history, divinity, and philosophy ( especially on Aristotle's ethics ).

Aristotle's Prior Analytics represents the first time in history when Logic is scientifically investigated.

The history of western medieval philosophy is generally divided into two periods, early medieval philosophy, which started with St. Augustine in the mid 4th century and lasted until the recovery in the 13th century West of a great bulk of Aristotle's works and their subsequent translation into Latin from the Arabic and Greek, and high medieval philosophy, which came about as a result of the recovery of Aristotle.

# Averroes ' paraphrase of books xi-xix of Aristotle's history of animals ;