In Aristotle this is categorized as the difference between ' arithmetic ' and ' geometric ' ( i. e. proportional ) equality.

Kant claimed it was Hume ’ s skepticism about the nature of inductive reasoning and the conclusions of rationalist metaphysicians ( Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz ) that " roused him from his dogmatic ( i. e. rationalist ) slumbers " and spurred him on to one of the most far reaching re-evaluations of human reason since Aristotle.

Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity ; namely, to treatises like the Timaeus of Plato, or Socrates in his reflections on what the Greeks called khora ( i. e. " space "), or in the Physics of Aristotle ( Book IV, Delta ) in the definition of topos ( i. e. place ), or even in the later " geometrical conception of place " as " space qua extension " in the Discourse on Place ( Qawl fi al-Makan ) of the 11th century Arab polymath Alhazen.

Catholics charge that modalistic monarchianism has its origin by means of influence in Greek pagan philosophy, including pagan philosophers like Euclid and Aristotle, who based their logic on Monism and Aristotle's arguments around his concept energeia ( i. e. energy ) called metaphysics.

Aristotle, in his Metaphysics, defined wisdom as the understanding of causes, i. e. knowing why things are a certain way, which is deeper than merely knowing that things are a certain way.

Before 1150 only a few translated works of Aristotle existed in Latin Europe ( i. e. excluding Greek Byzantium ), and they were not studied much or given as much credence by monastic scholars.

Aristotle criticized the practical utilitarian approach of Hippodamus and implicated the inherent tension in rewarding individuals for doing good ; i. e. that by rewarding individuals for doing good, the individuals will do good for the reward over the benefit of the state.

In his doctrine of syllogisms he brought forward the proof for the conversion of universal affirmative judgments, differed from Aristotle here and there in the laying down and arranging the modi of the syllogisms, partly in the proof of them, partly in the doctrine of mixture, i. e. of the influence of the modality of the premises upon the modality of the conclusion.

Aristotle even calls the parts of a geometrical shape ( that is, of a pure geometrical shape, considered apart from any physical object < i > having that shape ) " intelligible matter ".

To complicate matters further, Aristotle distinguishes between two kinds of intellect or two parts of the intellect .< ref > On the Soul 15-25 </ i ></ ref > These two intellectual powers are traditionally called the " passive intellect " and the " active intellect " or " agent intellect ".

In his Nicomachean Ethics, (§ 21 ; 1095a15 – 22 ) Aristotle says that everyone agrees that eudaimonia is the highest good for human beings, but that there is substantial disagreement on what sort of life counts as doing and living well ; i. e. eudaimon:

Since reason for Aristotle is not only theoretical but practical also, he spends quite a bit of time discussing excellence of character which enable a person to exercise his practical reason ( i. e., reason relating to action ) successfully.

The Aristotelian contrast between δύναμις (" power, might, strength ") and ἐντελέχεια (" entelechy ") ( Metaphysics, iii. 73 ) is found in Philo, De Allegoriis Legum, i. 64 ( on Aristotle see Freudenthal in " Monatsschrift ," 1875, p. 233 ).

However, for Aquinas, following Aristotle, the State of Nature is not logically ( or temporally ) prior to the politically constituted community but is that community, i. e. for both Aristotle and Aquinas the political state is natural for human beings ( see Encyclopedia of Political Theory, by Mark Bevin, s. v., " Thomism, " Natural Law ").

Aristotle was particularly concerned with the problem of future contingents, where he could not accept that the principle of bivalence applies to statements about future events, i. e. that we can presently decide if a statement about a future event is true or false, such as " there will be a sea battle tomorrow ".

There are two different Arabic interpretations of Aristotle ’ s Poetics in commentaries by Abu Nasr al-Farabi and Averroes ( i. e., Abu al-Walid Ibn Rushd ).

Nisbett ( 2003 ) suggested that cultural differences in social cognition may stem from the various philosophical traditions of the East ( i. e. Confucianism and Buddhism ) versus the Greek philosophical traditions ( i. e. of Aristotle and Plato ) of the West.

Further passing references to Lamia were made by Strabo ( i. II. 8 ) and Aristotle ( Ethics vii. 5 ).

Plato and Aristotle teach that the highest thing in man is reason and therefore, the purpose of human perfection lies with the activity of reason ; i. e. the ' theoretic ' or contemplative life.

Aristotle asserted that tale must be complete and perfect, in other words, must have unity, i. e. a beginning, a middle and an end.

Aristotle holds that having phronesis is both necessary and sufficient for being virtuous ; because phronesis is practical, it is impossible to be both phronetic and akratic ; i. e., prudent persons cannot act against their " better judgement.

The word `` mimesis '' ( `` imitation '' ) is usually associated with Plato and Aristotle.

Aristotle also tended to stratify all aspects of human nature and activity into levels of excellence and, like Plato, he put the pure and unimpassioned intellect on the top level.

But Aristotle kept the principle of levels and even augmented it by describing in the Poetics what kinds of character and action must be imitated if the play is to be a vehicle of serious and important human truths.

For both Plato and Aristotle artistic mimesis, in contrast to the power of dialectic, is relatively incapable of expressing the character of fundamental reality.

so, e.g. did Aristotle argue, although this may not be an observational reason in favor of circularity.

Additional philosophical considerations, advanced notably by Aristotle, supported further the circularity principle.

By distinguishing superlunary ( celestial ) and sublunary ( terrestrial ) existence, and reinforcing this with the four-element physics of Empedocles, Aristotle came to speak of the stars as perfect bodies, which moved in only a perfect way, viz. in a perfect circle.

Because motion which begins and ends at discrete places would ( e.g. for Aristotle ) be incomplete.

Plato and Aristotle agree on some vital literary issues.

While Aristotle censors literature only for the young, Plato would banish all poets from his ideal state.

Even more important, in his Poetics, Aristotle differs somewhat from Plato when he moves in the direction of treating literature as a unique thing, separate and apart from its causes and its effects.

By the time they reach that age, however, Aristotle no longer worries about the evil influence of comedies.

Throughout the rest of the Poetics, Aristotle continues to discuss the characteristics of these six parts and their interrelationship, and he refers frequently to the standards suggested by his definition of tragedy.

The Chicago contingent of modern critics follow Aristotle so far in this direction that it is hard to see how they can compare one poem with another for the purpose of evaluation.

For one thing, Aristotle mentions that plays may corrupt the audience.

In his study Samuel Johnson, Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts ''.

Both sides claimed that Plato and Aristotle supported their cause.

Rembrandt's `` Aristotle Contemplating Bust of Homer '' brought $2,300,000 at auction the other night.

Both Aristotle and Homer may in spirit be contemplating `` bust '' of the old-fashioned American dollar.

Aristotle (, Aristotélēs ) ( 384 BC – 322 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

Together with Plato and Socrates ( Plato's teacher ), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.

Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues ( Cicero described his literary style as " a river of gold "), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.

Aristotle, whose name means " the best purpose ," was born in Stageira, Chalcidice, in 384 BC, about east of modern-day Thessaloniki.

Aristotle was trained and educated as a member of the aristocracy.

Aristotle remained at the academy for nearly twenty years before quitting Athens in 348 / 47 BC.