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Aristotle and takes
In his study Samuel Johnson, Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts ''.
Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ), however, believed the Milky Way to be caused by " the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together " and that the " ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere, in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions.
* 4th century BC — Aristotle believes the Milky Way to be caused by " the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together " and that the " ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere, in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions ",
Aristotelianism ( ) is a tradition of philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle.
Aristotle takes philia to be both necessary as a means to happiness (" no one would choose to live without friends even if he had all the other goods " ) and noble or fine ( καλόν ) in itself.
Aristotle believed the Milky Way to be caused by " the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together " and that the " ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere, in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions.
Also, Umberto Eco ’ s The Name of the Rose takes on the form of a detective novel and makes references to authors such as Aristotle, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Borges.
The remainder of the dialogue is taken up with an actual performance of such an exercise, where a young Aristoteles ( later a member of the Thirty Tyrants, not to be confused with Plato's eventual student Aristotle ) takes the place of Socrates as Parmenides ' interlocutor.
Secrets of Secrets takes the form of a pseudoepigraphical letter supposedly from Aristotle to Alexander the Great during his campaigns in Persia.

Aristotle and virtue
Although ancient Greek philosophers believed in individual virtue ethics, philosophers like " Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics not accept the formal principle that whatever the good is, we should seek only our own good, or prefer it to the good of others.
In Himanen's opinion, the hacker ethic is more closely related to the virtue ethics found in the writings of Plato and of Aristotle.
When a person's actions are completely virtuous in all matters in relation to others, Aristotle calls her " just " in the sense of " general justice ;" as such this idea of justice is more or less coextensive with virtue.
Whereas the " higher " law Aristotle suggested one could appeal to was emphatically natural, in contradistinction to being the result of divine positive legislation, the Stoic natural law was indifferent to the divine or natural source of the law: the Stoics asserted the existence of a rational and purposeful order to the universe ( a divine or eternal law ), and the means by which a rational being lived in accordance with this order was the natural law, which spelled out action that accorded with virtue.
In his work Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle defined a virtue as a balance point between a deficiency and an excess of a trait.
In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle gives a lengthy account of the virtue phronesis ( Greek: ϕρονησιϛ ), which has traditionally been translated as " prudence ", although this has become increasingly problematic as the word has fallen out of common usage.
Aristotle made the statement "... the citizens must not live a mechanic or a mercantile life ( for such a life is ignoble and inimical to virtue ), nor yet must those who are to be citizens in the best state be tillers of the soil ( for leisure is needed both for the development of virtue and for active participation in politics.
* Aristotle writes Ta Ethika on virtue and moral character ( approximate date ).
While some philosophers such as Aristotle ( and George Bernard Shaw ) consider pride a profound virtue, some world religions consider it a sin, such as is expressed in Proverbs 11: 2 of the Old Testament.
Cynics with long dirty beards to indicate their " strict indifference to all external goods and social customs "; Stoics occasionally trimming and washing their beards in accord with their view " that it is acceptable to prefer certain external goods so long as they are never valued above virtue "; Peripatetics took great care of their beards believing in accord with Aristotle that " external goods and social status were necessary for the good life together with virtue ".
According to one interpretation of Aristotle, a properly organized body is already alive simply by virtue of its structure.
Once again Campanella engages in an explicit polemic with Aristotle, who had excluded artisans, peasants and those involved in manual labor from the category of full citizenship and from the highest levels of virtue.
For Aristotle, then, happiness is " the virtuous activity of the soul in accordance with reason ": happiness is the practice of virtue.
" However, where utilitarians focused on reasoning about consequences as the primary tool for reaching happiness, Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that happiness cannot be reached solely through reasoning about consequences of acts, but also requires a pursuit of good causes for acts, such as habits according to virtue.
Aristotle believed that happiness, or eudaimonia is constituted by rational activity in accordance with virtue over a complete life.
In outline, for Aristotle, eudaimonia involves activity, exhibiting virtue ( aretē sometimes translated as excellence ) in accordance with reason.
Aristotle ’ s ethical theory is eudaimonist because it maintains that eudaimonia depends on virtue.
However, it is Aristotle ’ s explicit view that virtue is necessary but not sufficient for eudaimonia.
One important difference between Epicurus ’ eudaimonism and that of Plato and Aristotle is that for the latter virtue is a constituent of eudaimonia, whereas Epicurus makes virtue a means to happiness.
So whereas Aristotle would not say that one ought to aim for virtue in order to attain pleasure, Epicurus would endorse this claim.
Concern for virtue appears in several philosophical traditions ; in the West the roots of the tradition lie in the work of Plato and Aristotle, and even today the tradition ’ s key concepts derive from ancient Greek philosophy.

Aristotle and its
Even more important, in his Poetics, Aristotle differs somewhat from Plato when he moves in the direction of treating literature as a unique thing, separate and apart from its causes and its effects.
Modern botany traces its roots back more than twenty three centuries, to the Father of Botany, Theophrastus ( c. 371 – 287 BC ), a student of Aristotle.
Aristotle had it that an object's essential attributes form its " essential nature ", and that a definition of the object must include these essential attributes.
Less than a hundred years later, Aristotle developed an almost " biological ' theory of the development of tragedy in Athens: according to this view, the art form grew under the influence of Aeschylus, matured in the hands of Sophocles then began its precipitous decline with Euripides.
His reverence for Aristotle conflicted with his loathing of Aristotelian philosophy, which seemed to him barren, disputatious, and wrong in its objectives.
He noted its fading luminosity, speculated about its origin, and used the lack of observed parallax to argue that it was in the sphere of fixed stars, further undermining the doctrine of the immutability of the heavens ( the idea accepted since Aristotle that the celestial spheres were perfect and unchanging ).
It is attributed to Linnaeus, although he neither invented the concept of ranked classification ( it goes back to Plato and Aristotle ) nor gave it its present form.
Philosophers such as Aristotle and Pliny the Elder argued that the full Moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals, believing that the brain, which is mostly water, must be affected by the Moon and its power over the tides, but the Moon's gravity is too slight to affect any single person.
For example, following the ideas of Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle, scientists reasoned that a cannonball falls down because its natural position is in the earth ; the sun, the moon, and the stars travel in circles around the earth because it is the nature of heavenly objects to travel in perfect circles.
Carlyle notes: " There is no change in political theory so startling in its completeness as the change from the theory of Aristotle to the later philosophical view represented by Cicero and Seneca .... We think that this cannot be better exemplified than with regard to the theory of the equality of human nature.
Aquinas argued that both the essence of a thing and its existence were clearly distinct, in this regard he is close to the teaching of Aristotle.
Aristotle both redeemed rhetoric from his teacher and narrowed its focus by defining three genres of rhetoric — deliberative, forensic or judicial, and epideictic.
Catholics charge that modalistic monarchianism has its origin by means of influence in Greek pagan philosophy, including pagan philosophers like Euclid and Aristotle, who based their logic on Monism and Aristotle's arguments around his concept energeia ( i. e. energy ) called metaphysics.
As Newton attests, the Principia's first law of motion was known in antiquity, even by Aristotle, although its significance, as such, went unappreciated.
The notion of a static unchanging Form and its identity with Substance represents the metaphysical view that has come to be held as an assumption by the vast majority of the Western philosophical tradition since Plato and Aristotle, as it was something they agreed on.
) Also, Aristotle indicated that the same thing can be the cause of contrary effects-as its presence and absence may result in different outcomes.
Particularly important ( not least for its influence upon others, both in their interpretation of Aristotle and in rehabilitating a neo-Aristotelian " practical philosophy ") was his radical reinterpretation of Book Six of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and several books of the Metaphysics.
Condorcet instead frequently had written of his faith in humanity itself and its ability to progress with the help of philosophers such as Aristotle.
Kant claimed that this problem could be solved with his " transcendental logic " which unlike normal logic is not just an instrument, which can be used indifferently, as it was for Aristotle, but a theoretical science in its own right and the basis of all the others.
Similarly many theorists continued to philosophize about genre and its uses, which caused genre as Plato and Aristotle knew it to evolve and further expand.
The principle of holism was concisely summarized by Aristotle in the Metaphysics: " The whole is more than the sum of its parts ".
Perhaps the most impressive of his inventions and the one essential to the series as a whole is the robot he designs and builds, Aristotle, which becomes a winning and likeable character in its own right.
Not in order to be liberated from terror and pity, not in order to purge oneself of a dangerous affect by its vehement discharge — which is how Aristotle understood tragedy — but in order to celebrate oneself the eternal joy of becoming, beyond all terror and pity — that tragic joy included even joy in destruction.

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