While in Athens, his wife Pythias died and Aristotle became involved with Herpyllis of Stageira, who bore him a son whom he named after his father, Nicomachus.

Averroes, Avicenna and Alpharabius, who wrote on Aristotle in great depth, also influenced Thomas Aquinas and other Western Christian scholastic philosophers.

The title " teacher " was first given to Aristotle by Muslim scholars, and was later used by Western philosophers ( as in the famous poem of Dante ) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.

It is Martin Heidegger, not Nietzsche, who elaborated a new interpretation of Aristotle, intended to warrant his deconstruction of scholastic and philosophical tradition.

Throughout European history, philosophers such as Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, among others, contemplated the possibility that souls exist in animals, plants, and people ; however, the currently accepted definition of animism was only developed in the 19th century by Sir Edward Tylor, who created it as " one of anthropology's earliest concepts, if not the first ".

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

Some philosophers who have had more noteworthy theories are Parmenides, Leucippus, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Plotinus, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hegel, Heidegger, and Sartre.

Charles Sanders Peirce, who had read Kant closely and who also had some knowledge of Aristotle, proposed a system of merely three phenomenological categories: Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness, which he repeatedly invoked in his subsequent writings.

became the tri prima of the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus, who reasoned that Aristotle ’ s four element theory appeared in bodies as three principles.

The same is true for Thomas Aquinas, Christian Wolff and Immanuel Kant, who claim that there are duties to ourselves as Aristotle did, although it has been argued that, for Aristotle, the duty to one's self is primary.

" Psychological reversals are common and sometimes happen so suddenly that inconsistency in characterization is an issue for many critics, such as Aristotle, who cited Iphigenia in Aulis as an example ( Poetics 1454a32 ).

Scholastic European scholars, who sought to reconcile the philosophy of the ancient classical philosophers with Christian theology, proclaimed Aristotle the greatest thinker of the ancient world.

" A " Mixt " took elements from both Aristotle and Ramus ; Philippo-Ramists, who blended Melanchthon with Ramus, were a type of " Mixt "; " Systematics " were " Mixts " who followed Keckermann in a belief in system, as Alsted did.

The first known philosopher, according to Aristotle, is Thales of Miletus, who taught that all things derive from a single first cause or Arche.

Metaphysics as a discipline was a central part of academic inquiry and scholarly education even before the age of Aristotle, who considered it " the Queen of Sciences.

* Aristotle Onassis, a prominent Greek shipping magnate who later married Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, the widow of assassinated U. S. President John F. Kennedy.

Aristotle attributed the first of what could be called a scientific discussion on magnetism to Thales of Miletus, who lived from about 625 BC to about 545 BC.

" To support these findings, the assembled judges ( as reported by Coke, who was one of them ) cited as authorities Aristotle, Cicero, and the Apostle Paul ; as well as Bracton, Fortescue, and St. Germain.

This classification is comparatively recent ( it was not used by Aristotle or Hobbes, for instance ), and dates from the French Revolution era, when those members of the National Assembly who supported the republic, the common people and a secular society sat on the left and supporters of the monarchy, aristocratic privilege and the Church sat on the right.

He returned to Alexandria, and began determinedly studying the works of Aristotle under Olympiodorus the Elder ( he also began studying mathematics during this period as well with a teacher named Heron ( no relation to Hero of Alexandria who was also known as Heron ).

Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it " the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.

Aristotle had made no secret of his contempt for Alexander's pretense of divinity, and the king had executed Aristotle's grandnephew Callisthenes as a traitor.

Aristotle " says that ' on the subject of reasoning ' he ' had nothing else on an earlier date to speak of '".

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.

On the subject of alchemy and chemistry, many treatises relating to Alchemy have been attributed to him, though in his authentic writings he had little to say on the subject, and then mostly through commentary on Aristotle.

There were the seeds ( spermata ) or miniatures of wheat and flesh and gold in the primitive mixture ; but these parts, of like nature with their wholes ( the homoiomereiai of Aristotle ), had to be eliminated from the complex mass before they could receive a definite name and character.

According to Aristotle, he expanded the number of characters in plays to allow for conflict amongst them, whereas previously characters had interacted only with the chorus.

Nevertheless, according to Aristotle some thought that Aeschylus had revealed some of the cult's secrets on stage.

Aristotle knew of this tradition when he began his Metaphysics, and had already drawn his own conclusion, which he presented under the guise of asking what being is :" And indeed the question which was raised of old is raised now and always, and is always the subject of doubt, viz., what being is, is just the question, what is substance?

Aristotle had arrived at the real distinction between matter and form, metaphysical components whose interpenetration produces the paradox.

As Aristotle offered the categories and the act of existence, and Aquinas the analogy of being, the rationalists also had their own system, the great chain of being, an interlocking hierarchy of beings from God to dust.

Plato ( c. 427 – 347 BC ) and Aristotle ( c. 384 – 322 BC ) both posited first cause arguments, though each had certain notable caveats.

Theologian Benjamin Wiker argues that Aristotle had ideas similar to those of some modern conservatives.

To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle famously expressed: “ To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god !” This form of citizenship was based on obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community.

Aristotle had it that an object's essential attributes form its " essential nature ", and that a definition of the object must include these essential attributes.

Aristotle asserted that man had three natures: vegetable ( physical / metabolism ), animal ( emotional / appetite ) and rational ( mental / conceptual ).

Although most of the relevant tissues and endocrine glands had been identified by early anatomists, a more humoral approach to understanding biological function and disease was favoured by the ancient Greek and Roman thinkers such as Aristotle, Hippocrates, Lucretius, Celsus, and Galen, according to Freeman et al., and these theories held sway until the advent of germ theory, physiology, and organ basis of pathology in the 19th century.

Early medieval writers often had fuzzy and imprecise impressions of both Ptolemy and Aristotle and relied more on Pliny, but they felt ( with one exception ), little urge to assume flatness.

Prior to this work, the concept of a set was a rather elementary one that had been used implicitly since the beginnings of mathematics, dating back to the ideas of Aristotle.

Similarly, it was commonly believed by Medieval people that other ancient figures like the poet Virgil, astronomer Ptolemy and philosopher Aristotle had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.

The ancients had a variety of ideas about heredity: Theophrastus proposed that male flowers caused female flowers to ripen ; Hippocrates speculated that " seeds " were produced by various body parts and transmitted to offspring at the time of conception ; and Aristotle thought that male and female semen mixed at conception.