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Kennan and judgment
Mr. Kennan sums up his judgment of what went wrong this way:

Kennan and governments
Kennan argued that Stalin would not ( and moreover could not ) moderate the supposed Soviet determination to overthrow Western governments.
The American foreign policy expert George Kennan, serving at the time as ambassador to Yugoslavia, sought unsuccessfully to dissuade President John F. Kennedy from proclaiming the week on the ground that the United States had no reason to make the resolution, which in effect called for the overthrow of all the governments of Eastern Europe, a part of public policy.

Kennan and about
" My thoughts about containment " said Kennan in a 1996 interview to CNN, " were of course distorted by the people who understood it and pursued it exclusively as a military concept ; and I think that that, as much as any other cause, led to 40 years of unnecessary, fearfully expensive and disoriented process of the Cold War.
However, in the course of his meetings with exiled dissidents during his travel, notably Nikolai Mikhailovich Yadrintsev ( 1842 – 1894 ), Kennan changed his mind about the Russian imperial system.
Ambassador Kennan, declared persona non grata for some declarations about the Soviet Republics in Berlin in September 1952 would not be allowed to come back to Russia by Stalin, the Embassy being run by Chargé d ´ Affairs Jacob Beam.

Kennan and what
Soon thereafter, U. S. Cold War strategy assumed a more assertive and militaristic quality, causing Kennan to lament over what he believed was as an aberration of his previous assessments.

Kennan and was
George Kennan, an American working on the Western Union Telegraph Expedition in the late 1860s, found that dog sled travel on the lower Anadyr was limited by lack of firewood.
Though the article was signed pseudonymously by " X ," it was well known at the time that the true author was George F. Kennan, the deputy chief of mission of the United States to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, under ambassador W. Averell Harriman.
The Plan was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan.
Cutler and NSC Executive Secretary James Lay testified in support of the effectiveness of the system, but their testimony was offset by that of former Truman administration officials such as George Kennan, Paul Nitze, and Robert Lovett.
Later that year, diplomat George Kennan wrote an article in Foreign Affairs magazine that became known as the " X Article ", which first articulated the policy of containment, arguing that the further spread of Communism to countries outside a " buffer zone " around the USSR, even if it happened via democratic elections, was unacceptable and a threat to U. S. national security.
Kennan was also involved, along with others in the Truman administration, in creating the Marshall Plan, which also began in 1947, to give aid to the countries of Western Europe ( along with Greece and Turkey ), in large part with the hope of keeping them from falling under Soviet domination.
Galbraith favored détente with the Soviet Union, and was out of step with the Containment policy then being developed by George Kennan and the State Department's policymakers.
The Reagan Doctrine was especially significant because it represented a substantial shift in the post – World War II foreign policy of the U. S. Prior to the Reagan Doctrine, U. S. foreign policy in the Cold War was rooted in " containment ," as originally defined by George F. Kennan, John Foster Dulles, and other post – World War II U. S. foreign policy experts.
American policymakers such as George Kennan and John Foster Dulles acknowledged that the Cold War was essentially a war of ideas.
Holbrooke's unfulfilled ambition was to become Secretary of State ; he along with George Kennan and Chip Bohlen, were considered among the most influential U. S. diplomats who never achieved cabinet rank.
The decision, made by the network's vice president of broadcasting, John M. Schneider, specifically related to the testimony of George F. Kennan not being shown, in contrast to NBC News, which was showing it live.
George Frost Kennan ( February 16, 1904 – March 17, 2005 ) was an American adviser, diplomat, political scientist and historian, best known as " the father of containment " and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.
Subsequently, prior to the end of 1948, Kennan was confident the state of affairs in Western Europe had developed to the point where positive dialogue could commence with the Soviet Union.
Kennan was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to Kossuth Kent Kennan, a lawyer specializing in tax law, and Florence James Kennan.
After receiving his bachelor's degree in 1925, Kennan considered applying to law school, but decided it was too expensive and instead opted to apply to the newly formed Foreign Service.
In 1928, Kennan considered leaving the Foreign Service to go back to school when he was selected for a linguist training program that would give him three years of graduate level study without having to leave the service.
In 1931, Kennan was stationed at the legation in Riga, Latvia, where, as third secretary, he worked on Soviet economic affairs.

Kennan and Russia
* 1957: Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-American Relations, 1917 – 1920 by George F. Kennan
* George F. Kennan, Russia
In doing so, he would follow in the footsteps of his grandfather's younger cousin, George Kennan ( explorer ), who had been a leading 19th-century expert on Imperial Russia and author of Siberia and the Exile System, a well-received 1891 account of the Czarist prison system.
Kennan and Charles Bohlen another State Department expert on Russia, fought over the wording of NSC-68, which emerged as the blueprint for waging the Cold War.
W. Averell Harriman, the U. S. ambassador in Moscow when Kennan was deputy between 1944 and 1946, remarked that Kennan was " a man who understood Russia but not the United States.
In 1957, Kennan was invited by the BBC to give the annual Reith Lectures — a series of six radio lectures, which were titled Russia, the Atom and the West.
For these, Kennan explored the history, impact, and possible consequences of relations between Russia and the West.
Kennan opposed the Clinton administration's war in Kosovo and its expansion of NATO ( the establishment of which he had also opposed half a century earlier ), expressing fears that both policies would worsen relations with Russia.
In May 1885, Kennan began another voyage in Russia, this time across Siberia from Europe.
Quotations are from George F. Kennan, The Marquis de Custine and his Russia in 1839, Princeton University Press, 1971.
* George F. Kennan, The Marquis de Custine and His Russia in 1839, London 1972.
* George Kennan ( explorer ) ( 1845 – 1924 ), American explorer of Russia and an early " Russia Expert "
* Russia Leaves the War by George F. Kennan ( 1957 )
* Kennan, George F. Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin ( 1961 )
The Kennan Institute ( KI ), founded in 1974 as a division of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, is committed to improving American understanding of Russia and the successor states to the Soviet Union.
Russia Leaves the War ( 1956 ) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning book by George F. Kennan.

Kennan and by
In this position he built a working framework for containment, first formulated by George Kennan, who served as the head of Acheson's Policy Planning Staff.
* 1968: Memoirs by George Frost Kennan
* 2012: George F. Kennan: An American Life by John Lewis Gaddis
It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from détente ( a relaxation of tension ) to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan.
In Moscow, Kennan again felt that his opinions were being ignored by Harry S. Truman and policymakers in Washington.
Kennan responded on February 22, 1946, by sending a lengthy 5, 500-word telegram ( sometimes cited as being over 8, 000 words ) from Moscow to Secretary of State James Byrnes outlining a new strategy on how to handle diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
Although Kennan regarded the Soviet Union as too weak to risk war, he nonetheless considered it an enemy capable of expanding into Western Europe through subversion, given the popular support for Moscow-controlled Communist parties in Western Europe, which remained demoralized by the devastation of the Second World War.
Kennan opposed the building of the hydrogen bomb and the rearmament of Germany, which were policies backed up by the assumptions of NSC-68.
Although Kennan had not been considered for a position by Kennedy's inner circle of advisers, the president himself offered Kennan the choice of ambassadorship in either Poland or Yugoslavia.
Kennan attempted to restore Tito's confidence in the American foreign policy establishment but his efforts were compromised by a series of diplomatic blunders and crimes, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and the U-2 spy incident.
The basis of the doctrine was articulated in a 1946 cable by U. S. diplomat George F. Kennan.
In the social sciences and science Norton has published best-selling books by such authors as Mary Roach, economists Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz, paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould, physicist Richard Feynman, and historians Peter Gay, Jonathan Spence, Eric Foner, Christopher Lasch, and George F. Kennan.
The article was written by George F. Kennan, the Deputy Chief of Mission of the United States to the USSR, from 1944 to 1946, under Ambassador W. Averell Harriman.
The KH-10 intended for the MOL program was succeeded by the unmanned KH-11 Kennan, which launched in 1976 as the Soviet Union was winding down its manned space reconnaissance program.

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