By the mid-1960s, parts of Cambodia's eastern provinces were serving as bases for North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong ( NVA / VC ) forces operating against South Vietnam, and the port of Sihanoukville was being used to supply them.

Meanwhile, the Communist Chinese established the three-man fireteam concept as the three-man cell when they organized a regular army, and its organization seemed to have been disseminated throughout all of Asia's communist forces, perhaps the most famous of which are the PAVN / NVA ( People's Army of Vietnam / North Vietnamese Army ) and the Viet Cong.

Political officers charged with instruction of the troops on ideological, military, and global affairs formed an essential part of NVA daily routine ( Politische Hauptverwaltung / Political Main Administration ).

The uniform of the Border Troops was distinguished from that of the NVA ground force and Air Force / Air Defense Force by a green armband with large silver letters identifying the wearer's affiliation.

During the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) Easter Offensive in 1972, tank clashes between NVA T-54 / PT-76 and ARVN M48 / M41 units became commonplace.

Incoming rocket and mortar rounds fired by the VC / NVA were a daily and nightly occurrence, and skirmishes near the LZ were common.

* Vietnam War, against American intervention into South Vietnam against the NLF / NVA.

In August 1968, elements of the 3rd ARVN Cavalry, along with a reaction platoon from the 2 / 1st Cav, OPCONed to the 4th Inf, foiled an attempted NVA ambush, killing 31 enemy.

The Battle of Ia Drang (" ia Drang " is the montagnard word for " river Drang ") was the first major battle between regulars of the United States Army and regulars of the People's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN / NVA ) of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

In 1974, as Deputy Commander of Operations / III Corps, assistant to General Pham Quoc Thuan, Hiếu applied Blitzkrieg ( lightning war ) tactic to alleviate the pressure exerted by 5th Division NVA originating from Svay Rieng Province in the Parrot's Beak area inside Kampuchea territory aiming at Đức Huệ base camp.

Later that day another CH-46 carrying men from 2 / 1 Marines was hit by NVA fire and crashed killing 13 Marines.

The NVA were now aware of the arrival of 3 / 4 Marines and the Battalion started to come under sustained small arms, machine gun and mortar fire.

The NVA launched mortars into 3 / 4 Marines CP in the morning and the Marines responded with airstrikes and artillery.

2 / 4 Marines set off at dawn towards 3 / 4's position and engaged the NVA several times calling in close air strikes before linking up with 3 / 4 at 14: 45.

At 16: 00 a platoon of Marines from the 1st Force Reconnaissance Company rapelled from a MAG-16 helicopter onto the summit of the Rockpile, three hours later they spotted an NVA force to their east and called in artillery fire from 3 / 12 Marines killing 21 NVA and later that night called in further fire on suspected NVA positions south of the Rockpile.

The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) as well as the National Liberation Front ( NLF, also known as Viet communists Viet Cong ), or " VC ", a guerrilla force within South Vietnam.

On the other side, North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) and Viet Cong ( VC ) forces regularly employed jungle hammocks fabricated from scavenged or captured US parachute cloth and shroud lines.

LZ Carolyn was situated in a location especially irritating to the NVA, astride one of the main access routes for the Viet Cong ( VC ) & North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) to reach Saigon, its presence was a constant problem for them.

The SLF regularly conducted amphibious operations across Vietnamese beaches into areas of suspected Viet Cong ( VC ) and North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) activity.

In June 1969, an infantry company from 5 RAR, then on its second tour, and supported by a troop of tanks and a troop of APCs fought a significant combined-arms action against a battalion-sized force of NVA regulars and VC local force troops at the Battle of Binh Ba.

By early 1965 the majority of rural South Vietnam was under limited VC control, increasingly supported by NVA regulars from North Vietnam.

The game ends with only Walker and another South Vietnamese Army soldier named Monty with the rest of the squad dead following a massive joint NVA and VC attack on the Kontum.

The film's first scene illustrates that contention when Green Beret tour guides at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, show civilian visitors to the U. S. Infantry School the Soviet-and Chinese-made weapons issued to the soldiers and guerillas of the communist NVA and VC.

The film also shows the sophisticated spy ring of the VC and NVA that provided information about their adversaries.

Victims of the Đắk Sơn Massacre in Đắk Lắk Province, killed by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces on December 5th, 1967 as a vengeance attack on the Degar s. NVA / VC troops also killed many women, children and babies.

NVA / VC forces intentionally killed around 164, 000 civilians between 1954 and 1975 in South Vietnam ; Rummel's estimates range from 106, 000 to 227, 000.

Burial of 300 unidentified victims from the Massacre of Hue | Huế Massacre, killed by NVA / VC forces and found after the ARVN and U. S. Marines retook the area in March, 1968 Photo from the U. S. Military.

By striking at USAF air bases the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) and VC employed Giulio Douhet's military concept which stated the only effective way to counter air power was to destroy its bases on the ground.

The NVA / VC routinely reconnoitered U. S. air bases for lengthy periods and assessed them for vulnerable points which included terrain, reinforcement approach routes, reaction time of artillery support, and the daily routines of U. S. personnel which included their sleeping and eating times, patrol operations and guard shift changes.

The operations mainly consisted of small-scale skirmishes and were successful in disrupting the VC / NVA, but failed to eradicate them.

The VC / NVA were moving freely in the area again by the end of the year.

When the operations closed, the 101st reported 869 VC and NVA killed and 314 weapons captured, for the loss of 81 US killed.

Over the course of the next several days, the squad battles through miles of unknown jungle filled with hostile NVA and VC and escaping a napalm strike they meet up with " The Chief ", commander of an Army riverboat.

The United States claims that the bombing campaign took place no further than ten, and later twenty miles ( 32 km ) inside the Cambodian border, areas where the Cambodian population had been evicted by the NVA.

In response, the United States moved to provide material assistance to the new government's armed forces, which were engaged against both CPK insurgents and NVA forces. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces, desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armed attacks on the new government.

Massive aerial bombardment against Pathet Lao and NVA forces was carried out by the United States.

* The Second Indochina War ( called the Vietnam War in the West or the American War in Vietnam ) began as a conflict between the United States-backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the South Vietnamese-based communist Viet Cong ( National Liberation Front ) and the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ), now known as the People's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ).

The United States, which supported France in the first war, backed the South Vietnam government in opposition to the National Liberation Front and the Communist-allied NVA.

The Second Indochina War, commonly known as the Vietnam War, pitted the recently-successful Communist Vietnam People's Army ( VPA or PAVN, but also incorrectly known as the North Vietnamese Army or NVA ) and the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam ( South Vietnamese NLF guerrilla fighters allied with the PAVN, known in the Republic of Vietnam as the Viet Cong, meaning ' Vietnamese Communists ') against United States troops and the United States-backed ARVN ( South Vietnamese soldiers ).

On April 1970, US President Nixon announced to the American public that US and South Vietnamese ground forces had entered Cambodia in a campaign aimed at destroying NVA base areas in Cambodia ( see Cambodian Incursion ).

The government made three unsuccessful attempts to enter into negotiations with the insurgents, but by 1974, the CPK were operating openly as divisions, and some of the NVA combat forces had moved into South Vietnam.

The Siege of the Alcázar in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Nationalists held out against a much larger Republican force for two months until relieved, shows that in some cases a citadel can be effective even in modern warfare ; a similar case is the Battle of Huế, where an NVA division held the citadel of Huế for 26 days against roughly their own numbers of much better-equipped US and South Vietnamese troops.

However, the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ( NLF ) were able to dictate the pace of attrition to fit their own goals: by continuing to fight a guerrilla war and avoiding large-unit battles, they denied the Americans the chance to fight the kind of war they were best at, and they ensured that attrition would wear down the American public's support for the war faster than them.

In several incidents, the South Vietnamese Army successfully defeated NVA T-34 and T-55 tanks and even slowed the North's offensive.

* Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam

Populous and rice-rich, the valley was viewed as one of the keys to controlling South Vietnam's five northern provinces by the communists and by early 1967 at least two regiments of the 2nd Division of the People ’ s Army of Vietnam ( PAVN, known to the U. S. Army as the North Vietnamese Army or NVA ) had been infiltrated into the area.

On 6 July, troops of the ARVN 1st Division captured an NVA soldier near The Rockpile, he identified himself as being from the 812th Regiment of the 324B NVA Division and advised that the other Regiments of the Division had also moved into South Vietnam.

South Vietnamese VNAF aircraft dropped BLU-82 bombs on NVA positions in desperation to support ARVN troops in the Battle of Xuan Loc in the last days of the Vietnam War.

* Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam