The brute-force method for finding an item in a table — namely, check all entries of the latter, sequentially — is called linear search.

Likewise the first procedure should return Λ if there are no candidates at all for the instance P. The brute-force method is then expressed by the algorithm

The main disadvantage of the brute-force method is that, for many real-world problems, the number of natural candidates is prohibitively large.

The brute-force method originally deployed by John Walker has been refined to take advantage of iteration behaviours.

As a result, common methods of hunting include the brute-force method of driving the duikers into nets with dogs, or silent ambush at feeding sites.

It has been proven that applying Grover's algorithm to break a symmetric ( secret key ) algorithm by brute force requires roughly 2 < sup > n / 2 </ sup > invocations of the underlying cryptographic algorithm, compared with roughly 2 < sup > n </ sup > in the classical case, meaning that symmetric key lengths are effectively halved: AES-256 would have the same security against an attack using Grover's algorithm that AES-128 has against classical brute-force search ( see Key size ).

He has stated the view that brute-force computation has eclipsed humans in chess, and it could soon do the same in the ancient Asian game of Go.

When brute-force searching is applied to Arimaa, the depth of the search is limited by the huge number of options each player has on each turn.

Further, using local user account passphrases over 14 characters long prevents Windows from storing an LM hash in the SAM – and has the added benefit of making brute-force attacks against the NTLM hash harder.

x11vnc has an experimental and somewhat brute-force implementation of client-side caching.

Some special and specific algorithms have been developed to aid in attacking some public key encryption algorithms-both RSA and ElGamal encryption have known attacks that are much faster than the brute-force approach.

The general form of the TSP appears to have been first studied by mathematicians during the 1930s in Vienna and at Harvard, notably by Karl Menger, who defines the problem, considers the obvious brute-force algorithm, and observes the non-optimality of the nearest neighbour heuristic:

WPA and WPA2 encryption have successfully been brute-force attacked by reducing the workload by a factor of 50 in comparison to conventional CPUs and some hundred in case of FPGAs.

Several weaknesses have been found in MS-CHAPv2, some of which severely reduce the complexity of brute-force attacks making them feasible with modern hardware.

been subject to eavesdropping and / or brute-force attacks on the password.

Several weaknesses have been found in MS-CHAPv2, some of which severely reduce the complexity of brute-force attacks making them feasible with modern hardware.

If the password itself is too simple, however, then it may be possible to test all possible inputs and find a matching output ( a brute-force attack ) – perhaps aided by a dictionary or suitable look-up list.

And given the slow initialization of the cipher with each change of key, it is granted a natural protection against brute-force attacks, which doesn't really justify key sizes longer than 448 bits.

In such applications, it is generally recommended that the key derivation function be made deliberately slow so as to frustrate brute-force attack or dictionary attack on the password or passphrase input value.

This property can be useful, for instance to test for the presence of humans as with CAPTCHAs, and for computer security to circumvent brute-force attacks.

A brute-force approach converts these congruences into sets and writes the elements out to the product of ( the solutions modulo 60 for each congruence ):

These brute-force algorithms are computationally manageable for n = 8, but would be intractable for problems of n ≥ 20, as 20!

Grover's algorithm can also be used to obtain a quadratic speed-up over a brute-force search for a class of problems known as NP-complete.

Algorithms for these problems include the basic brute-force search ( also called " naïve " or " uninformed " search ), and a variety of heuristics that try to exploit partial knowledge about structure of the space, such as linear relaxation, constraint generation, and constraint propagation.

There are also search methods designed for quantum computers, like Grover's algorithm, that are theoretically faster than linear or brute-force search even without the help of data structures or heuristics.

A brute-force search for a knight's tour is impractical on all but the smallest boards ; for example, on an 8x8 board there are approximately 4 × 10 < sup > 51 </ sup > possible move sequences, and it is well beyond the capacity of modern computers ( or networks of computers ) to perform operations on such a large set.

This generalized version of the game is NP-complete ; it is unlikely that any algorithm more efficient than a brute-force search exists that can find solutions for arbitrary generalized FreeCell configurations.

In cryptography, a brute-force attack, or exhaustive key search, is a cryptanalytic attack that can, in theory, be used against any encrypted data ( except for data encrypted in an information-theoretically secure manner ).

The resources required for a brute-force attack grow exponentially with increasing key size, not linearly.

An alternative approach is to try to engineer a simple overall computational framework, and then do a brute-force search through all of the possible components for the best match.

In computer science, brute-force search or exhaustive search, also known as generate and test, is a trivial but very general problem-solving technique that consists of systematically enumerating all possible candidates for the solution and checking whether each candidate satisfies the problem's statement.

A brute-force approach for the eight queens puzzle would examine all possible arrangements of 8 pieces on the 64-square chessboard, and, for each arrangement, check whether each ( queen ) piece can attack any other.

) The brute-force search algorithm above will call output for every candidate that is a solution to the given instance P. The algorithm is easily modified to stop after finding the first solution, or a specified number of solutions ; or after testing a specified number of candidates, or after spending a given amount of CPU time.

In cryptography, a brute-force attack involves systematically checking all possible keys until the correct key is found.

One example is brute-force cracking, in which a computer tries every possible key or password until it succeeds.

It is also possible, even on an unmodified drive, to perform a brute-force attack on the DVD's encryption to overcome the region limitations.

Additionally, port knock systems can include blacklists, whitelists and dynamic attack responses as can any Internet service ; however, even the simplest of port knocks controls access to a system before attackers are able to hit a service that allocates memory, CPU time or other significant resources and also acts as a barrier against brute-force attempts, automated vulnerability exploits, etc.

This is known as a linear search or brute-force search, each element being checked for equality in turn and the associated value, if any, used as a result of the search.

The key length used in the cipher determines the practical feasibility of performing a brute-force attack, with longer keys exponentially more difficult to crack than shorter ones.

An underlying assumption of a brute-force attack is that the complete keyspace was used to generate keys, something that relies on an effective random number generator, and that there are no defects in the algorithm or its implementation.

Therefore, brute-force search is typically used when the problem size is limited, or when there are problem-specific heuristics that can be used to reduce the set of candidate solutions to a manageable size.

A few thousand PCs working for a few years could solve a problem requiring 2 < sup > 64 </ sup > calculations, but no amount of traditional computing power will solve a problem requiring 2 < sup > 128 </ sup > operations ( which is about what would be required to brute-force the encryption keys in 128-bit SSL commonly used in web browsers, assuming the underlying ciphers remain secure ).

It is used to test password strength and sometimes to recover lost Microsoft Windows passwords, by using dictionary, brute-force, hybrid attacks, and rainbow tables.

This value is important when designing cryptographic algorithms, as it can be used to determine the minimum size of encryption keys or hash values required to create an algorithm that could never be cracked by a brute-force search.