The former astrologer, and scientist, Geoffrey Deans and psychologist Ivan Kelly conducted a large scale scientific test, involving more than one hundred cognitive, behavioral, physical and other variables, but found no support for astrology.

However, although these early writers contributed greatly to the philosophical discovery of mind and this would ultimately lead to the development of psychology, they were working with an entirely different set of tools and core concepts than those of the cognitive scientist.

* Avram Noam Chomsky ( born 1928 ), American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, political activist, author, lecturer, professor emeritus at < font color = 0 > MIT, known for early work in < font color = 0 > transformational grammar and < font color = 0 > A. I.

Daniel Clement Dennett ( born March 28, 1942 ) is an American philosopher, writer and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.

* Robert M. French – cognitive scientist

The Britannica has an Editorial Board of Advisors, which includes 12 distinguished scholars: author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Doniger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicologist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wesch.

Herbert Alexander Simon ( June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001 ) was an American political scientist, economist, sociologist, and psychologist, and professor — most notably at Carnegie Mellon University — whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, computer science, public administration, economics, management, philosophy of science, sociology, and political science.

* Peter Gärdenfors ( 1949 -), philosopher and cognitive scientist

Marvin Lee Minsky ( born August 9, 1927 ) is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence ( AI ), co-founder of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy.

Pathological science, as defined by Langmuir, is a psychological process in which a scientist, originally conforming to the scientific method, unconsciously veers from that method, and begins a pathological process of wishful data interpretation ( see the Observer-expectancy effect, and cognitive bias ).

The concept of the Semantic Network Model was coined in the early sixties by the cognitive scientist Allan M. Collins, linguist M. Ross Quillian and psychologist Elizabeth F. Loftus in various publications, as a form to represent semantically structured knowledge.

* cognitive scientist Steven Pinker

* cognitive scientist Roger Schank

* Zenon Pylyshyn, cognitive scientist

French social and cognitive scientist Dan Sperber, with his colleague Hugo Mercier, describes the idea that there could have been other forces driving the evolution of reason.

Steven Arthur Pinker ( born September 18, 1954 ) is a Canadian-born experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist and popular science author.

The detailed views of consciousness that Ralph Messenger puts forth, while some are controversial, will be familiar to the contemporary cognitive scientist.

* Douglas Hofstadter, cognitive scientist

* Noam Chomsky, an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist

Norman applied his training as an engineer and computer scientist, and as an experimental and mathematical psychologist, to the emerging discipline of cognitive science.

* Steven Pinker ( born 1954 ), American cognitive scientist and popular science author

The term " cognitive " in " cognitive science " is " used for any kind of mental operation or structure that can be studied in precise terms " ( Lakoff and Johnson, 1999 ).

Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being ( hereinafter WMCF ) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist.

WMCF builds on earlier books by Lakoff ( 1987 ) and Lakoff and Johnson ( 1980, 1999 ), which analyze such concepts of metaphor and image schemata from second-generation cognitive science.

Lakoff and Núñez hold that mathematics results from the human cognitive apparatus and must therefore be understood in cognitive terms.

George P. Lakoff (, born May 24, 1941 ) is an American cognitive linguist and professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1972.

Lakoff explicitly rejected, for example, the cognitive relativism and faith in euphemism described above, arguing in favor of a deeper understanding of rationality that discards the modal logic conceptualization of rational thought in favor of the better supported frame interpretation.

Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think is a 1996 book by cognitive linguist George Lakoff.

On one hand, Lakoff attempts to use the techniques of cognitive linguistics to better understand the mental frameworks that lie behind contemporary American politics.

In the terminology of cognitive linguistics, Lakoff views both liberal and conservative as " radial category " labels.

As a cognitive scientists Lakoff emphasizes that what conservatives know that liberals don't is how to use metaphors to motivate people.

Lakoff and Johnson focus on English, and cognitive scholars writing in English have tended not to investigate the discourse of foreign languages in any great detail to determine the creative ways in which individuals negotiate, resist and consolidate conceptual metaphors.

Further, partly in response to such criticisms, Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez, in 2000, proposed a cognitive science of mathematics that would explain mathematics as a consequence of, not an alternative to, the human reliance on conceptual metaphor to understand abstraction in terms of basic experiential concretes.

Linguist George Lakoff has proposed a cognitive science of mathematics wherein even the most fundamental ideas of arithmetic would be seen as consequences or products of human perception — which is itself necessarily evolved within an ecology.

He is well known for contributions to embodied philosophy, cognitive science and cognitive linguistics, some of which he has coauthored with George Lakoff such as Metaphors We Live By.

This leads to a graded notion of categories, which is a central notion in many models of cognitive science and cognitive semantics, e. g. in the work of George Lakoff ( Women, Fire and Dangerous Things, 1987 ) or

Founded by the prominent cognitive linguist George Lakoff, the Rockridge Institute sought to examine the way that frames — which Lakoff describes as " the mental structures that influence our thinking, often unconsciously "— determine our opinions and values.

A central claim is that the content of all linguistic signs involve mental simulations and are ultimately dependent on basic image schemas of the kind advocated by Mark Johnson and George Lakoff and so ECG aligns itself with cognitive linguistics.

The techniques native to cognitive semantics are typically used in lexical studies such as those put forth by Leonard Talmy, George Lakoff, Dirk Geeraerts, and Bruce Wayne Hawkins.

Guilt is a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person realizes or believes — accurately or not — that he or she has compromised his or her own standards of conduct or has violated a moral standard, and bears significant responsibility for that violation.

" He disagrees with the position that findings of chronic, global cognitive deficits should have no bearing on the risk-benefit ratio of ECT, and he believes it's important to address the " actual impact of these losses on the lives of individual patients.

Gardner believes that Ehrlich is displaying classical signs of cognitive dissonance, and that his failure to grapple with obvious errors in his own judgement render his current thinking suspect.

Albert Bandura also believes that moral development is best understood by considering a combination of social and cognitive factors, especially those involving self-control.

Emotional reasoning is a cognitive process that occurs when a person believes that what he or she is feeling is true regardless of a presented evidence.

Giddish played a Ph. D. in psychology and cognitive research who believes in reincarnation.