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As a term, critical theory has two meanings with different origins and histories: the first originated in sociology and the second originated in literary criticism, whereby it is used and applied as an umbrella term that can describe a theory founded upon critique ; thus, the theorist Max Horkheimer described a theory as critical in so far as it seeks " to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them.
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The Roy Harper song " All Ireland " from the album Lifemask, written in the days following the incident, is critical of the military but takes a long term view with regard to a solution.
Shortly after, in 1869, Irish chemist Thomas Andrews studied the phase transition from a liquid to a gas and coined the term critical point to describe the instant at which a gas and a liquid were indistinguishable as phases, and Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals supplied the theoretical framework which allowed the prediction of critical behavior based on measurements at much higher temperatures.
The historian Tacitus suggests that Claudius's ongoing term as Censor may have prevented him from noticing the affair before it reached such a critical point.
This has led to the very literal use of ' critical theory ' as an umbrella term to describe any theory founded upon critique.
* Commander critical information requirement-a term in the US military
Those critical of such software, however, use the term " censorware " freely: consider the Censorware Project, for example.
In philosophy, the term critical theory describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School, developed in Europe in the 1930s, that engaged the works of intellectuals such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud.
This version of " critical " theory derives from Kant's ( 18th-century ) and Marx's ( 19th Century ) use of the term " critique ", as in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Marx's concept that his work Das Kapital ( Capital ) forms a " critique of political economy.
Often, the term " critical theory " is appropriated when an author ( perhaps most notably Michel Foucault ) works within sociological terms yet attacks the social or human sciences ( thus attempting to remain " outside " those frames of enquiry ).
Use of the term " critical psychology " started in the 1970s in Berlin at Freie Universität Berlin.
Within psychiatry the term anti-psychiatry was often used and now British activists prefer the term critical psychiatry.
The Green Party of England and Wales, which has one seat in Parliament in the House of Commons, also rejects the term " eurosceptic "; however it opposes the Euro and is critical of the current direction and structure of the EU.
Environmental skepticism is an umbrella term that describes those that argue that particular claims put forward by environmentalists and environmental scientists who support the first are false or exaggerated, along with those who are critical of environmentalism in general.
Apart from the international releases, a number of intimate German films have enjoyed critical success in France, where the term Nouvelle Vague Allemande has been applied to smaller productions mostly coming out of Berlin.
Known under the term critical geography this signalled another turning point in the discipline.
It was only later, after attitudes toward the bodhisattvas and their teachings had become more critical, that the term Hīnayāna was created as a back-formation, contrasting with the already-established term Mahāyāna.
Two notable books addressed the relations between contemporary Judaism and Christianity, Abba Hillel Silver's Where Judaism Differs and Leo Baeck's Judaism and Christianity, both motivated by an impulse to clarify Judaism's distinctiveness " in a world where the term Judeo-Christian had obscured critical differences between the two faiths.
* article critical of the use of the term
term and theory
In literary theory, critics find complications in the term " author " beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting.
For referring specifically to a U. S. national and things, the words used are estadunidense ( also spelled estado-unidense ) ( United States person ), from Estados Unidos da América, and ianque ( Yankee ), but the term most often used is norte-americano, even though it could, as with its Spanish equivalent, in theory apply to Canadians, Mexicans, etc., as well.
The term anthem means either a specific form of Anglican church music ( in music theory and religious contexts ), or more generally, a song ( or composition ) of celebration, usually acting as a symbol for a distinct group of people, as in the term " national anthem " or " sports anthem ".
The term was coined by Fanya Montalvo by analogy with NP-complete and NP-hard in complexity theory, which formally describes the most famous class of difficult problems.
Professional mathematicians sometimes use the term ( higher ) arithmetic when referring to more advanced results related to number theory, but this should not be confused with elementary arithmetic.
It is either the collective term for ethics and aesthetics — philosophical fields that depend crucially on notions of value — or the foundation for these fields, and thus similar to value theory and meta-ethics.
The term leg theory is somewhat archaic and seldom used any more, but the basic tactic still plays a part in modern cricket.
The term " Brownian motion " can also refer to the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, which is often called a particle theory.
According to one theory, the term was loaned to Russian, where-in literary language-it first appeared in " Elysei ", a 1771 poem by V. Maikov.
However, the term naive set theory is also used in some literature to refer to the set theories studied by Frege and Cantor, rather than to the informal counterparts of modern axiomatic set theory ; care is required to tell which sense is intended.
The term " inflation " is also used to refer to the hypothesis that inflation occurred, to the theory of inflation, or to the inflationary epoch.
According to physicist Phil Anderson, the term was coined by himself and Volker Heine when they changed the name of their group at the Cavendish Laboratories, Cambridge from " Solid state theory " to " Theory of Condensed Matter ", as they felt it did not exclude their interests in the study of liquids, nuclear matter and so on.
The term " conspiracy theory " is used to indicate a narrative genre that includes a broad selection of ( not necessarily related ) arguments for the existence of grand conspiracies.
The political scientist Michael Barkun discussing the usage of this term in contemporary American culture holds that a conspiracy theory is a belief which explains an event as the result of a secret plot by exceptionally powerful and cunning conspirators to achieve a malevolent end.
The term " conspiracy theory " is itself the object of a type of conspiracy theory, which argues that those using the term are manipulating their audience to disregard the topic under discussion, either in a deliberate attempt to conceal the truth, or as dupes of more deliberate conspirators.
Further difficulties arise from ambiguity regarding the term " theory ".
In popular usage, this term is often used to refer to unfounded or weakly based speculation, leading to the idea that " It's not a conspiracy theory if it's actually true ".
In his two volume work The Open Society and Its Enemies, Karl Popper used the term " conspiracy theory " to criticize the ideologies driving fascism, nazism, and Stalinism.
Category theory is an area of study in mathematics that examines in an abstract way the properties of particular mathematical concepts, by formalising them as collections of objects and arrows ( also called morphisms, although this term also has a specific, non category-theoretical meaning ), where these collections satisfy some basic conditions.
Many scholars employ the term, especially those in the fields of history, cultural studies, and postcolonial theory.
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`` Disaffiliation '', by the way, is the term used by the critic and poet, Lawrence Lipton, who has written several articles on this subject, the first of which, in The Nation, quoted as Epigraph: `` We disaffiliate.
It holds an equally valuable lesson for a society where the word `` intellectual '' has become a term of opprobrium to millions of well-meaning people who somehow imagine that it must be destructive of the simpler human virtues.
As he died because of a small wound on his heel, the term Achilles ' heel has come to mean one's point of weakness.
The term " the United States " has historically been used, sometimes in the plural (" these United States "), and other times in the singular, without any particular grammatical consistency.
The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.
In more modern English usage, the term " adobe " has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America, especially in New Mexico.
The term " droid ", coined by George Lucas for the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of " android ", but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like R2-D2.
Thus the term asteroid has come increasingly to refer specifically to the small bodies of the inner Solar System out to the orbit of Jupiter, which are usually rocky or metallic.
The precise reference of this term has varied over time, perhaps originally referring only to the Ionian colonies along the coast.
The precise reference of this term has varied over time, perhaps originally referring to the Ionian colonies on the Asia Minor coast.
Other terms that have been used include neosyllabary ( Février 1959 ), pseudo-alphabet ( Householder 1959 ), semisyllabary ( Diringer 1968 ; a word which has other uses ) and syllabic alphabet ( Coulmas 1996 ; this term is also a synonym for syllabary ).
The term " absolute value " has been used in this sense since at least 1806 in French and 1857 in English.
* The modern term " style " has a bearing on how material items such as pottery or architecture can be interpreted.
The term anti-Semitic has been used on occasion to include bigotry against other Semitic-language peoples such as Arabs, but such usage is not widely accepted.
The House of Representatives has 18 members, elected for a two year term, 17 in single-seat constituencies and one by a public meeting on Swain Island.
The Senate also has 18 members, elected for a four year term by and from the chiefs of the islands.
However, this ambiguity has been the source of controversy, particularly among Latin Americans, who feel that using the term solely for the United States misappropriates it.
The term can also refer to an establishment which has long ceased to function as an abbey, in some cases for centuries ( for example, see Westminster Abbey below ).
But no attempt to identify the figures on existing gems with the personages of Gnostic mythology has had any success, and Abrasax is the only Gnostic term found in the accompanying legends which is not known to belong to other religions or mythologies.
This etymology has remained the standard derivation of the term.
The term Suebi has a double meaning in the sources.
The term has the meaning of one being crestfallen, depressed, despondent, downcast, gloomy, sullen and evidently frowning, scowling.
From the Early Modern period, their name has become a term for female warriors in general.
The term is often used synonymously with the term antibiotic ( s ); today, however, with increased knowledge of the causative agents of various infectious diseases, antibiotic ( s ) has come to denote a broader range of antimicrobial compounds, including anti-fungal and other compounds.
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