The French Orientalist Antoine-Isaac Silvestre de Sacy, who had been discussing this work with Åkerblad, received in 1801 from Jean-Antoine Chaptal, French minister of the interior, one of the early lithographic prints of the Rosetta Stone, and realised that the middle text was in this same script.

Russian Orientalist art was largely concerned with the areas of Central Asia that Russia was conquering during the century, and also in historical painting with the Mongols who had dominated Russia for much of the Middle Ages, who were rarely shown in a good light.

This was in response to a paper read by Gustav Oppert, a German Orientalist, who traced the origin of the Shalagrama-Shila and the Shiva-Linga to phallicism.

The last nail into the coffin of the idea of there being a Cathay as a country separate from China was, perhaps, driven in 1654, when the Dutch Orientalist Jacobus Golius met with the China-based Jesuit Martino Martini, who was passing through Leyden.

Cathay title pageIn 1913, Pound was contacted by the widow of the recently deceased Orientalist Ernest Fenollosa, who while in Japan had collected word-by-word translations and notes for 150 classical Chinese poems that fit in closely with this program.

War elephants also remain a popular artistic trope, either in the Orientalist painting tradition of the 19th century, or in literature following Tolkien, who popularised a fantastic rendition of war elephants in the form of oliphaunts.

* In Pakistan, the Lahore chapter of the Goethe-Institut is named " Annemarie Schimmel Haus ", in honour of the well-known German Orientalist and scholar, who wrote extensively on Islam and Sufism ; the Annemarie-Schimmel-Haus shares its premises with the Alliance française Lahore ( AF ), and together they organise joint cultural events.

Annemarie Schimmel, SI, HI, ( in Erfurt, Germany – in Bonn, Germany ) was a well known and very influential German Orientalist and scholar, who wrote extensively on Islam and Sufism.

Before he left Paris to take up his duties he had several interviews with Julius Mohl, the eminent Orientalist, who pointed out to him that Mosul was the centre of a district of great historical and archaeological importance, and urged him to make good use of the splendid opportunity which he would enjoy for collecting antiquities, and even for making excavations on his own account.

An important educator during the modernization of Japan during the Meiji Era, Fenollosa was an enthusiastic Orientalist who did much to preserve traditional Japanese art.

Phule, on the other hand, celebrated Bali as the king of the people, peasants or original inhabitants of India ( as opposed to Aryan Brahmins, who came to India from Iran, in accordance with the Orientalist theories prevalent in that period ).

Vesoul was the birthplace of Jean-Léon Gérôme ( 1824 – 1904 ), painter and sculptor who produced many works in a historical, Orientalist style.

At Oxford he also made the acquaintance of William Jones, the famous Orientalist, who induced him to study Arabic.

Herbert was in his own right a considerable Orientalist, and a linguist who spoke French, Italian, German, Turkish, Arabic, Greek and Albanian as well as English.

Max Mueller, a great Orientalist who edited the series The Sacred Books of the East has concluded convincingly that de Nobili did not author the forged work.

Reiss is best known as the author of The Orientalist, a biography of Lev Nussimbaum, a Jew who pretended to be a Muslim while living in Germany during the years leading up to the Holocaust.

A picture of Orientalist painter Maurice Boitel, who painted in the city for a while, can be found in the museum of Béjaïa.

" This is held to be the result of Orientalist scholars attempting to glorify Eastern cultures, who refused to translate verse with homoerotic references or changed the sex of the beloved to female.

In 1613, Pieter Nuyts, who was staying in Leiden with the famous Orientalist Erpenius, is known to have met with the Moroccan envoy in the Low Countries Al-Hajari.

By the turn of the twentieth century it had begun to be displaced by the shorter and purely Arabic term Islam and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed The Encyclopaedia of Islam, seems to have virtually disappeared from the English language.

Wheeler M. Thackston, Jr. ( born 1944 ) is an Orientalist and distinguished editor and translator of numerous Chaghatai, Arabic and Persian literary and historical sources.

* William Wright ( orientalist ) ( 1830 – 1889 ), British Orientalist, grammarian and researcher of Syriac and Arabic

Samuel Lee ( 1783 – 1852 ) was an English Orientalist, born in Shropshire ; professor at Cambridge, first of Arabic and then of Hebrew language ; was the author of a Hebrew grammar and lexicon, and a translation of the Book of Job.

The longest single English translation was published in 1834 by Ritter Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, an Austrian Orientalist ; it may be found under the name " Evliya Efendi.

Simon Ockley ( 1678 – 9 August 1720 ) was a British Orientalist.

In 1909 he resigned from the Theosophical Society which was Orientalist.

In particular, Orientalist painting, depicting more specifically " the Middle East ", was one of the many specialisms of 19th century Academic art.

Such disdain did not prevent the Société des Peintres Orientalistes (" Society of Orientalist Painters ") being founded in 1893, with Jean-Léon Gérôme as honorary president ; the word was less often used as a term for artists in 19th century England.

Said was mainly concerned with literature in the widest sense, especially French literature, and did not cover visual art and Orientalist painting, though others, notably Linda Nochlin, have tried to extend his analysis to art, " with uneven results ".

French Orientalist painting was transformed by Napoleon's ultimately unsuccessful invasion of Egypt and Syria in 1798-1801, which stimulated great public interest in Egyptology, and was also recorded in subsequent years by Napoleon's court painters, especially Baron Gros, although the Middle Eastern campaign was not one on which he accompanied the army.

Like many later Orientalist painters, he was frustrated by the difficulty of sketching subjects including women, and many of his scenes featured Jews or warriors on horses.

Some outstanding mathematical and Orientalist works emerged at this time – notably, texts edited by Edward Pococke, the Regius Professor of Hebrew – but no university press on Laud's model was possible before the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.

Richard Dadd ( 1 August 1817 – 7 January 1886 ) was an English painter of the Victorian era, noted for his depictions of fairies and other supernatural subjects, Orientalist scenes, and enigmatic genre scenes, rendered with obsessively minuscule detail.

Maj .- Gen. Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet GCB ( April 5, 1810 – March 5, 1895 ) was a British East India Company army officer, politician and Orientalist, sometimes described as the Father of Assyriology.

Owen Jones, architect and Orientalist was requested to set out key principles of design and these became not only the basis of the schools teaching but also the propositions which preface The Grammar of Ornament 1856, which is still regarded as the finest systematic study or practical sourcebook of historic world ornament.

A love of Oriental languages and literature led him to exchange the University of Breslau for that of Berlin, in order to study to greater advantage, and there he was received into the house of the Orientalist Heinrich Friedrich von Diez ( 1750 – 1817 ).

Edward Pococke ( baptised 8 November 1604 – 10 September 1691 ) was an English Orientalist and biblical scholar.

Sir Henry Yule ( 1 May 1820 – 30 December 1889 ) was a Scottish Orientalist.

The term was first attested to in English in 1786, in William Beckford's Orientalist novel Vathek, which describes the ghūl of Arabian folklore.

Other scenes, especially in genre painting, have been seen as either closely comparable to their equivalents set in modern-day or historical Europe, or as also reflecting an Orientalist mind-set in the Saidian sense of the term.

The subject was especially popular with German Romantic painters, and later in the 19th century was one of a number of New Testament subjects which lent themselves to Orientalist treatment.