An alternative line taken by Singer about the need for ethics is that living the ethical life may be, on the whole, more satisfying than seeking only material gain.

Ryan, however, believes it is a more ethical alternative than all-out war, since it punishes the person responsible for the attack instead of the people he rules.

Offering an alternative, Nussbaum cites John Rawls's work in A Theory of Justice to highlight " an example of a rational argument ; it can be said to yield, in a perfectly recognizable sense, ethical truth.

As the 19th Century brought upheavals and threats to traditional Judaism, the Mussar teachers saw the benefit of the new spiritual focus in Hasidism, and developed their alternative ethical approach to spirituality.

In light of the ethical issues surrounding the source of human stem cells, teratomas are being looked at as an alternative source for research because they lack the potential to grow into functional human beings.

The ultimate answer to this question depends on ethical judgments into which the field of economics offers no insight, but it also depends on some of the bread-and-butter preoccupations of economics, such as the extent and nature of income inequality and the behavioral response of taxpayers to alternative tax systems.

Its ethical production, however, does make it a popular alternative to diamonds.

Other alternative phrases include screen ( screening ), firewall, cone of silence, and ethical wall.

People who oppose sweat shops often purchase second-hand clothing as an alternative to supporting clothing companies with dubious ethical practices.

A new religious movement ( NRM ), or alternative religious movement, is a faith-based community, or ethical, spiritual, or philosophical group originating in the modern age.

An early ethical egoist alternative to Mohist and Confucian thought, Yang Zhu's surviving ideas, known as Yangism, appear primarily in the Chinese texts Huainanzi, Lüshi Chunqiu, Mengzi, and possibly the Liezi and Zhuangzi.

Hence, Machiavelli presents an alternative to the ethical theories of his day, rather than an all-out rejection of all morality.

Moral and ethical anti-foundationalists are often criticized for moral relativism, but anti-foundationalists often dispute this charge, offering alternative methods of moral thought that they claim do not require foundations.

Merchants found the moral and ethical teachings of Buddhism to be an appealing alternative to previous religions.

Some argue that kritiks ( when offered without an alternative ) put judges in situations where articulating a fair winner is impossible because the judge is asked to " eat " the affirmative case's harms in order to endorse the Kritik's ethical position.

Because of the ethical issues surrounding ESC research, the generation of pluripotent cells by reprogramming existing somatic cells into a more " stem-like " state is a promising alternative to the use of standard ESCs.

Wells, The Final Circle of Paradise ) and precautionary ( Fahrenheit 451 ) functions, to criticize the contemporary world ( Antarctica-online ) and to present solutions ( Walden Two ), to portray alternative societies ( World of the Noon ) and to examine the implications of ethical principles ( the works of Sergei Lukyanenko ).

Thus as a practical and ethical matter a designated driver is a person who abstains from alcohol on a social occasion in order to drive his or her companions home safely as an alternative to driving under the influence.

David J Hufford, Professor in the Department of Humanities at the Penn State College of Medicine ( teaching courses in spiritual belief and in alternative medicine ), felt the study presented serious ethical problems because the authors of the study enlisted the cooperation of the TT operators by presenting the study as just a " fourth grade science fair project.

Anthropology has been used in Britain to provide an alternative explanation for the Financial crisis of 2007 – 2010 to the technical explanations rooted in economic and political theory.

Protestants have objected that this theory is not explicitly found in Scripture and the New Testament uses ' bishop ' and ' presbyter ' as alternative names for the same office.

Sakharov called such singularities a collapse and an anticollapse, which are an alternative to the couple black hole and white hole in the wormhole theory.

Sakharov also proposed the idea of induced gravity as an alternative theory of quantum gravity.

Inflation and baryogenesis remain more speculative features of current Big Bang models: they explain important features of the early universe, but could be replaced by alternative ideas without affecting the rest of the theory.

Recently alternative theory of superconductivity has been proposed.

The theory that they were defensive military structures is not accepted by many modern archaeologists ( see the ' general references ' below ), while the alternative notion that they were farmhouses is dismissed by some others.

Some researchers still advocate a handful of alternative cosmologies ; however, cosmologists generally agree that the Big Bang theory best explains observations.

Some cosmologists think that string theory and brane cosmology will provide an alternative to inflation.

An alternative theory ( using the example of negative utilitarianism ) is that some consider the reduction of suffering ( for the disadvantaged ) to be more valuable than increased pleasure ( for the affluent or luxurious ).

Certain categories called topoi ( singular topos ) can even serve as an alternative to axiomatic set theory as a foundation of mathematics.

However, this political restriction is less confining than it may first appear in that the Marxist historical framework is surprisingly flexible, and a rather simple matter to modify an alternative historical theory to use language that at least does not challenge the Marxist interpretation of history.

* Conjugate ( graph theory ), an alternative term for a line graph

Though the theory of dark matter remains the most widely accepted theory to explain the anomalies in observed galactic rotation, some alternative theoretical approaches have been developed which broadly fall into the categories of modified gravitational laws and quantum gravitational laws.

In game theory, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary psychology, an evolutionarily stable strategy ( ESS ) is a strategy which, if adopted by a population of players in a given environment, cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare.

However, it developed an alternative theory of value and distribution.

Keynes asked his friend Piero Sraffa to respond publicly to Hayek's challenge ; instead of formulating an alternative theory, Sraffa elaborated on the logical inconsistencies of Hayek's argument, especially concerning the effect of inflation-induced " forced savings " on the capital sector and about the definition of a " natural " interest rate in a growing economy.

" An alternative term suggested " as a more descriptive name for the discipline " is interactive decision theory.

Joseph Boussinesq ( a mathematician and physicist ) developed theories of stress distribution in elastic solids that proved useful for estimating stresses at depth in the ground ; William Rankine, an engineer and physicist, developed an alternative to Coulomb's earth pressure theory.

Heterarchy is the most commonly proposed alternative to hierarchy and this has been combined with responsible autonomy by Gerard Fairtlough in his work on Triarchy theory.

Braid therefore revised the theory and practice of Mesmerism and developed his own method of " hypnotism " as a more rational and " common sense " alternative.

However, in 1843, the Scottish surgeon James Braid proposed the theory of hypnotism as a radical alternative, in opposition to Mesmerism.