For example, a criminal defendant may be convicted in state court, and lose on " direct appeal " to higher state appellate courts, and if unsuccessful, mount a " collateral " action such as filing for a writ of habeas corpus in the federal courts.

An example from the constitutional law of sovereign states would be a provincial government in a federal state trying to legislate in an area exclusively enumerated to the federal government in the constitution, such as ratifying a treaty.

The interpretations of these courts-for example, Supreme Court interpretations of the constitution or federal statutes-are stable only so long as the older interpretation maintains the support of a majority of the court.

E. g., Texas Industries v. Radcliff, ( without an express grant of statutory authority, federal courts cannot create rules of intuitive justice, for example, a right to contribution from co-conspirators ).

Later courts have limited Erie slightly, to create a few situations where United States federal courts are permitted to create federal common law rules without express statutory authority, for example, where a federal rule of decision is necessary to protect uniquely federal interests, such as foreign affairs, or financial instruments issued by the federal government.

For example, studying Spanish in an eLearning environment is possible when in another state and federal aid is applied to out-of-state tuition.

For example, the federal government funds Canada Day events at the Old Port of Montreal — an area run by a federal Crown corporation — while the National Holiday parade is a grassroots effort that has been met with pressure to cease, even from federal officials.

In addition to the decennial federal census, local censuses have also been conducted, for example, in Massachusetts, which conducted a statewide census every five years until 1985.

Languages that are official within regions, provinces or federal units within a State ( for example Catalan in Spain ) are not classified as official languages of the State and may therefore benefit from the Charter.

Thus, while a permit to fill non-federal wetlands might require a permit from a single state agency, larger and more complex endeavors — for example, the construction of a coal-fired power plant — might require approvals from numerous federal and state agencies.

At other times, for example after the 2002 federal election, a coalition between the FDP and CDU / CSU was impossible primarily because of the weak results of the FDP.

In 1919, for example, the military had spent more than double the amount budgeted for them, accounting for over 57 percent of all federal expenditures.

For example, in United States federal courts, the United States district courts have original jurisdiction over a number of different matters ( as mentioned above ), and the United States court of appeals have appellate jurisdiction over matters appealed from the district courts.

For example, they look at the 1992 increase in New Jersey's minimum wage, the 1988 rise in California's minimum wage, and the 1990 – 91 increases in the federal minimum wage.

For example, the federal and state governments in the United States divide misdemeanors into several classes, with certain classes punishable by jail time and others carrying only a fine.

For example, state courts in the United States are not considered inferior to federal courts but rather constitute a parallel court system.

Persuasive precedent includes cases decided by lower courts, by peer or higher courts from other geographic jurisdictions, cases made in other parallel systems ( for example, military courts, administrative courts, indigenous / tribal courts, state courts versus federal courts in the United States ), statements made in dicta, treatises or academic law reviews, and in some exceptional circumstances, cases of other nations, treaties, world judicial bodies, etc.

For example, before the 2007 federal election, which Labor won, he criticised the then opposition industrial relations spokesperson Julia Gillard, saying she lacked an understanding of principles such as enterprise-bargaining set under his government in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour ( a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from that of the individual humans in that bureaucracy ); but perhaps more interestingly, emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace.

Resenting the treatment of the colony by the Saint Petersburg bureaucracy, including its use as a dumping ground for malcontents, a proposal for a United States of Siberia emerged, independent of Russia and federated into a new United States of Siberia and America, following the example of the United States of America.

For example: The Indian Right to Information Act 2005 is perceived to have " already engendered mass movements in the country that is bringing the lethargic, often corrupt bureaucracy to its knees and changing power equations completely.

For example, the variations in mindset between Democratic Party and Republican Party Presidents in the U. S. may have made that country more able to challenge assumptions than the Kremlin with its more static bureaucracy.

For example, words to use against opponents include decay, failure ( fail ), collapse ( ing ), deeper, crisis, urgent ( cy ), destructive, destroy, sick, pathetic, lie, liberal, they / them, unionized bureaucracy, " compassion " is not enough, betray, consequences, limit ( s ), shallow, traitors, sensationalists ; words to use in defining a candidate's own campaign and vision included share, change, opportunity, legacy, challenge, control, truth, moral, courage, reform, prosperity, crusade, movement, children, family, debate, compete, active ( ly ), we / us / our, candid ( ly ), humane, pristine, provide.

He stated at a cabinet meeting on March 7, 1945, for example, that the government sought to guarantee safety and order for the population, implement desired land reform policies, and focus on a " swift cleanup " of the state bureaucracy and immediate prosecution of war criminals, i. e. officials of the Fascist wartime regime of Ion Antonescu ( see Romania during World War II and Romanian People's Tribunals ).

Under second category follow methods that are not directly aimed at restricting foreign trade and more related to the administrative bureaucracy, whose actions, however, restrict trade, for example: customs procedures, technical standards and norms, sanitary and veterinary standards, requirements for labeling and packaging, bottling, etc.

Inspired by her example, Watanabe dedicates his remaining time to accomplishing one worthwhile achievement before his life ends ; through his persistent efforts, he is able to overcome the inertia of bureaucracy and turn a mosquito-infested cesspool into a children's playground.

The March of Dimes has been described as a bureaucracy that has taken on a life of its own through a classic example of a process called goal displacement.

He was the first writer in Yan ' an who gave a theoretical reflection on reality in his works ; in his " Wild Lilies ", for example, the bureaucracy and hierarchy of Yan ' an were described in vivid detail.

On April 18, 2011, in his inaugural television broadcast on Canada's Sun News Network ( also published in the pages of its sister newspaper outlet ) conservative columnist Ezra Levant claimed the CRTC's decision on CKLN was just another oppressive example of arbitrary government bureaucracy and interference into the lives and businesses of ordinary Canadians.

He emphasizes how ineffective prison bureaucracy is, especially how the hierarchy works or rather does not work, for example a number of personnel each claiming to be governor.

He portrayed the human face of bureaucracy ; for example, playing a policeman who shilly-shallies his way out of acting upon a reported murder by pursuing a contrarian line of questioning.

For example, where the government is the largest and ultimate employer, the bureaucracy is frequently bloated and inefficient – and indeed comes to resemble a rentier class in society.

The concept of trans-illumination ( as shown by the photo on p. 92 ), as just one example, offers an entirely new approach to lighting problems -- no matter what industry is involved.

A memorable example of these sorts of schemes " involved the idea of running the poor through a joint-stock company ".

However, in general, the books only feature mental battles when there is some reason for mind-to-mind contact ( for example, Trump contact ) and magic or Trump is involved in all three of the above conflicts, so it is not clear whether Zelazny intended his characters to have such a power ; the combination of Brand's " living trump " powers and his high Psyche ( as presented in the roleplaying game ) would have guaranteed him victory over Corwin.

For example, if the numbers involved in a computation may be arbitrarily large, the time required by a single addition can no longer be assumed to be constant.

For example, in the presence of H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub > formed by the eosinophil, and either chloride or bromide ions, eosinophil peroxidase provides a potent mechanism by which eosinophils kill multicellular parasites ( such as, for example, the nematode worms involved in filariasis ); and also certain bacteria ( such as tuberculosis bacteria ).

For example, a students ' union may be prohibited as an organization from engaging in activities not concerning students ; if the union becomes involved in non-student activities these activities are considered ultra vires of the union's charter, and nobody would be compelled by the charter to follow them.

For example, the effects on the character of the agent or any other people involved in an action may be regarded as a relevant consequence.

The State becomes involved because governing entities can become convinced that the costs of not criminalizing ( through allowing the harms to continue unabated ) outweigh the costs of criminalizing it ( restricting individual liberty, for example, to minimize harm to others ).

Similarly, assault and violent robbery involved trespass as to the pater's property ( so, for example, the rape of a slave could become the subject of compensation to the pater as having trespassed on his " property "), and breach of such laws created a vinculum juris ( an obligation of law ) that only the payment of monetary compensation ( modern " damages ") could discharge.

This is achieved by scaling the number of involved molecules ( A, B, C and D in a schematic example below ) by the appropriate integers a, b, c and d.

The most notable example of ideological coercion was the already mentioned Chinese “ Thought Reform ” campaign of 1951-52, which was unique due to both thoroughness and number of people involved.

For example, enzymes lose their activity, because the substrates can no longer bind to the active site, and because amino acid residues involved in stabilizing substrates ' transition states are no longer positioned to be able to do so.

They give minimal protection, but are adequate for drums transported rarely and in private cars for example, and may be the only option for working drummers starting out, particularly when air travel is involved.

In Personal Knowledge, Michael Polanyi argues for the epistemological relevance of knowledge how and knowledge that ; using the example of the act of balance involved in riding a bicycle, he suggests that the theoretical knowledge of the physics involved in maintaining a state of balance cannot substitute for the practical knowledge of how to ride, and that it is important to understand how both are established and grounded.

For example, fifty-six companies are involved in making one can of chicken noodle soup.

For example, one study ( Skinner, 1948 ) involved awarding pigeons grain at regular time intervals regardless of their behaviour.

Josef K. and his inexplicable experience of the law in The Trial were, for example, influenced by an actual legal case in which Kafka was involved.

Skyrme's original example involved fields which take values on a three-dimensional sphere, the original nonlinear sigma model which describes the large distance behavior of pions.

Whereas Skyrme's example involved pion physics, there is a much more familiar example in quantum electrodynamics with a magnetic monopole.

To cure an insane person, for example, involved causing a fit of madness.

Soon, grimoires appeared that involved Catholic saints within them ; one such example that appeared during the 19th century which became relatively popular, particularly in Spain, was the Libro de San Cipriano, or The Book of St Ciprian, which falsely claimed to date from circa 1000.

From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to today's audiences and that included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder.