After his 1793 and 1794 speeches on nationalism, patriotism, and education, the counter-revolution and White Terror surged.

His security chief, Mieczysław Moczar, a wartime Communist partisan commander, formed a new faction, " the Partisans ", based on principles of Communist nationalism and anti-inteligencja and anti-Jewish sentiment.

Although it is possible to see the errors of Mussolini's spies in declaring the Partito Comunista Internazionalista as Trotskyist where actual Trotskyists poured anti-German nationalism and gave full support to the ' partisan ' war.

The novel covers the turbulent events in China from 1900 to 1938, including the Boxer Uprising, the Republican Revolution of 1911, the Warlord Era, the rise of nationalism and communism, and the origins of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945.

" Feelings of German nationalism, apparently, could triumph over concern for the violations of the sanctity of human life in war.

Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive " war of independence " ensued, driven by an emergent Spanish nationalism.

Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive " war of independence " ensued, driven by an emergent Spanish nationalism.

Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century ( see the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire ).

The Goths ' relationship with Sweden became an important part of Swedish nationalism, and until the 19th century the Swedes were commonly considered to be the direct descendants of the Goths.

Born in Philadelphia, Abu-Jamal became involved in black nationalism in his youth, and was a member of the Black Panther Party until October 1970.

It was not until the Gamal Abdel Nasser era that Arab nationalism ( in addition to Arab socialism ) became a state policy and a means with which to define Egypt's position in the Middle East and the world, usually articulated vis-à-vis Zionism in the neighboring Jewish state of Israel.

However, it was not until the advent of romantic nationalism in late 18th century Europe that nationalism gained sufficient prevalence for the phrase ' country of nationality ' to become practically meaningful, and for people crossing borders to be required to provide identification.

Though a sense of nationalism pervaded his earliest surreal landscapes and Head of a Catalan Peasant, it wasn ’ t until Spain ’ s Republican government commissioned him to paint the mural, The Reaper, for the Spanish Republican Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exhibition, that Miró ’ s work took on a politically charged meaning.

He was exiled to the Akō domain, ( the future setting of the 47 Rōnin incident ), and his works were not widely read until the rise of nationalism in the early 20th century.

The original poem, written in 1846 but not printed until 1848, had 11 stanzas and formed the prologue to the great verse cycle The Tales of Ensign Stål (" Fänrik Ståhls Sägner "), a masterpiece of Romantic nationalism.

Leonard Slatkin, chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra from 2000 – 2004, expressed a desire to tone down the nationalism of the Last Night somewhat, and on the Last Night of the seasons from 2002 until 2007 Rule Britannia has only been heard as part of Henry Wood's Fantasia on British Sea Songs ( another piece traditional to the Last Night ) rather than separately.

It was not until the Meiji period, that the Japanese Emperor began to be venerated under a system of State Shinto, along with a growing sense of nationalism.

Such was and is the reductio ad absurdum of nationalism in its territorial version, although this was not fully demonstrated until the 1940s.

Moreover, the military crackdown which lasted in Quebec until the end of the war resulted in an increase in state power in the wake of growing French-Canadian nationalism.

It has been argued that until the 1940s, Egypt was more in favor of territorial, Egyptian nationalism and distant from the pan-Arab ideology.

One Egyptian Muslim youth responded, " Arab nationalism means that the Egyptian Foreign Minister in Jerusalem gets humiliated by the Palestinians, that Arab leaders dance upon hearing of Sadat's death, that Egyptians get humiliated in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and of course that Arab countries get to fight Israel until the last Egyptian soldier.

Up until 1760, " Canadien " nationalism had developed itself free of all external influences.

Although it was still defended and promoted up until the beginning of the 20th century, the French-Canadian liberal nationalism born out of the American and French revolutions began to decline in the 1840s, gradually being replaced by both a more moderate liberal nationalism and the ultramontanism of the powerful Catholic clergy as epitomized by Lionel Groulx.

On April 1, 1899, he renounced Judaism and in the same year founded his own newspaper, Die Fackel ( The Torch ), which he continued to direct, publish, and write until his death, and from which he launched his attacks on hypocrisy, psychoanalysis, corruption of the Habsburg empire, nationalism of the pan-German movement, laissez-faire economic policies, and numerous other subjects.

The possible continuity between the Illyrian populations of the Western Balkans in antiquity and the Albanians has also played a significant role in Albanian nationalism from the 19th century until the present day.

The first Romantics in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands chose Spanish as their language, and wouldn't resort to using the Catalan language until a national awakening movement, kickstarted by Romantic nationalism, appeared.

Dicey was a Liberal Unionist and a vigorous opponent of Home Rule and published and spoke against it extensively from 1886 until shortly before his death, advocating that no concessions be made to Irish nationalism in relation to the government of any part of Ireland as an integral part of the United Kingdom.

The slowness of liberal reform between 1771 and 1829 led to much bitterness in Ireland which underpinned Irish nationalism until recent times.

Within IPE the Realist approach was commonly labeled nationalism until the first decade of the twenty-first century.

The Korakistika ( 1819 ), a lampoon written by Jakovakis Rizos Neroulos and directed against the Greek intellectual Adamantios Korais, is a major example of the Modern Greek Enlightenment and emerging nationalism before the Greek War of Independence.

Nevertheless, Choe's advocacy of democracy, human rights and nationalism struck a chord among the peasant guerrillas and Donghak spread across Korea rapidly.

This has been reinforced by numerous visits to the Yasukuni Shrine by Japanese Prime Ministers, attempts to revise textbooks by Japanese nationalists, the continued dispute over Japan's atrocities in the Nanking Massacre, and the resurgence of nationalism and militarism in Japan.

The Soviet Union itself collapsed between 1990 and 1991, with a rise of secessionist nationalism and a political power dispute between Gorbachev and the new non-communist leader of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin.

These dual loyalties were to become a main root of the dispute between the German states and Denmark in the 19th century, when the ideas of romantic nationalism and the nation-state won popular support.

Historians dispute whether his fierce opposition to Zionism was grounded in nationalism or antisemitism or a combination of both.

This practice was put into question by the new Ossetian nationalism in the early 1990s, when the dispute between the Ossetian subgroups of Digoron and Iron over the status of the Digoron dialect made the Ossetian intellectuals search for a new inclusive ethnic name.

The growing dispute over Kashmir and the consistent failure of democracy also led to the rise of Kashmir nationalism and militancy in the state.

The South Korean government has also played a role in fanning nationalism in this dispute.

Left-wing authors took a revisionist view based on nationalism and anti-imperialism ; they minimized the dispute between criollos and peninsulars and portrayed events as a dispute between enlightenment and absolutism.

n this dispute the Dalai Lama's position does not stem from his Buddhist modernism and from a desire to develop a modern nationalism, but from his commitment to another protector, Nechung, who is said to resent Shukden.

The nation-state, then, exemplifies the principle of nationalism and exercises sovereignty: supreme power over domestic affairs and independence from outside control.

His nationalism was not a new characteristic, but its self-consciousness, even its self-satisfaction, is more obvious in a book that stretches over the long reach of English history.

National differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience, linguistic niceties, or nationalism.

Conservative thought developed alongside nationalism in Germany, culminating in Germany's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War, the creation of the unified German Empire in 1871, and the simultaneous rise of Otto von Bismarck on the European political stage.

Whatever specific ethnicity is involved, ethnic nationalism always includes some element of descent from previous generations and the implied claim of ethnic essentialism, i. e. the understanding of ethnicity as an essence that remains unchanged over time.

Yet his idea, which emerged in the context of the ethnocentric and nationalistic scholarship of the late 18th and 19th centuries, gained traction and was modified over time to support Romantic nationalism and Turanism.

Romantic nationalism, which had begun as a revolt against " foreign " kings and overlords, had come full circle, and was being used to make the case for a " Greater Germany " which would rule over Europe.

As an idea, if not a specific movement, it is present as an assumption in debates over nationality and nationhood even today, and many of the world's nations were created from principles drawn from romantic nationalism as their source of legitimacy.

Modern romantic nationalism in the United States, characterized by the myth of the frontier, the assertion of natural dominance over North and South America expressed in the Monroe Doctrine, and the belief that U. S .- style democracy should prevail over other cultures ( e. g. Project for the New American Century ), has strongly influenced American foreign policy and is influencing global conflicts, and religious, ethnic and nationalist alignments.

While support for breaking up the UK was strongest in Scotland, there was still a clear lead for unionism over nationalism.

Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia dissolved, the latter violently over several years, into successor states, many rife with ethnic nationalism.

She maintained an air of self-assured calm throughout all her public engagements in the years after the war, a period marked by civil unrest over social conditions, Irish independence and Indian nationalism.

Rosenberg reshaped Nazi racial policy over the years, but it always consisted of Aryan supremacy, extreme German nationalism and rabid antisemitism.

This change brought economic and political unity to the area, and aided in the development of a sense of Salvadoran nationalism over the next century.

But nationalism is not absent from the German rap scene ; on the contrary, there is an implicit ( and sometimes explicit ) conflict over national identity that finds expression, on the one hand, in charges that the attempt to form a ' German ' rap culture is inherently exclusionary, and on the other, in the growth of a counter-nationalism in the form of ethnic-Turkish or so-called ' Oriental hip hop '" ( 142 ) In " From Krauts with attitudes to Turks with attitudes: some aspects oh hip hop history in Germany ", written by Dietmar Eleflein, " Yet at the same time, the title Krauts with Attitude also played with a kind of non-dissident identification of a part of the West German hip-hop scene with its role models.

David Ownby contends that Falun Gong also challenged the Communist Party's hegemony over Chinese nationalist discourse: " Gong's evocation of a different vision of Chinese tradition and its contemporary value is now so threatening to the state and party because it denies them the sole right to define the meaning of Chinese nationalism, and perhaps of Chineseness.

In the 19th century, the rising tide of nationalism and secularism among the Balkan Christian nations led to the establishment of several autocephalous national churches, generally under autonomous Patriarchs or Archbishops, leaving the Ecumenical Patriarch only direct control over the ethnically Greek-originated Orthodox Christians of Turkey, parts of Greece and the archdioceses in North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania where growing Greek and other migrant communities have gradually constituted a significant orthodox diaspora.

Catalan nationalism, under the leadership of Prat de la Riba, achieved in 1913 a victory in obtaining partial self-government for the " Commonwealth " ( Catalan: Mancomunitat ; Spanish: Mancomunidad ), a grouping of the four Catalan provinces, presided over first by Prat de la Riba, and later by Josep Puig i Cadafalch ; this was later suppressed in March 1925, during the 1923-1930 dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera.

The emergence of Shu ' ubiya among Persian scholars occurred during the reign of al-Mansur as a result of loosened censorship over Persian nationalism.

The book's title is a reference to the means by which farm-based societies conquered populations of other areas and maintained dominance, despite sometimes being vastly out-numbered – superior weapons provided immediate military superiority ( guns ); Eurasian diseases weakened and reduced local populations, who had no immunity, making it easier to maintain control over them ( germs ), and centralized government promoted nationalism and powerful military organizations ( steel ).

In an era when nationalism was inextricably linked to liberalism, the Greek insurgency became a rallying-cry for liberals all over Europe, and especially for French liberals, whose political action at home were severely restricted by the Bourbon monarchy restored to power by the Allied powers in 1815.

Along with the Japanese Hinomaru flag, " Kimigayo " has been claimed by those critical of it to be a symbol of Japanese nationalism, imperialism and militarism, with debate over whether " Kimigayo ", as a remnant of the Empire of Japan's imperialist past, is compatible with a contemporary Japanese parliamentary democracy.