The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L ' Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.

Earlier than 900 CE progressing past the 13th century, the population complexes were a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples.

In marked contrast to earlier constructions and villages on top of the mesas, the cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde reflected a region-wide trend towards the aggregation of growing regional populations into close, highly defensible quarters during the 13th century.

Near Kayenta, Arizona, Jonathan Haas of the Field Museum in Chicago has been studying a group of Ancient Pueblo villages that relocated from the canyons to the high mesa tops during the late 13th century.

He asserts that isolated communities relied on raiding for food and supplies, and that internal conflict and warfare became common in the 13th century.

In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.

When the great reform of the 11th century had put an end to the direct jurisdiction of the lay abbots, the honorary title of abbot continued to be held by certain of the great feudal families, as late as the 13th century and later, the actual head of the community retaining that of dean.

These ideas were found in a number of Kabbalistic works from the 13th century, and also among many mystics in the late 16th century.

The primary sources regarding Asgard come from the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Icelandic Snorri Sturluson, and the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from a basis of much older Skaldic poetry.

Snorri's interpretation of the 13th century foreshadows 20th century views of Indo-European migration from the east.

* Wikisource: Prose Edda / Gylfaginning ( The Fooling Of Gylfe ) by Sturluson, Snorri, 13th century Edda, in English.

The pair are attested in both the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.

His family, like many Wallaces, claimed a connection to William Wallace, a Scottish patriot and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century.

Active contact between the Wajin ( the ethnically Japanese ) and the Ainu of Ezochi ( now known as Hokkaido ) began in the 13th century.

A rare High Medieval image of Alfred, 13th century

Dante Alighieri, in the Divine Comedy, recounts that he saw Alfonso's spirit seated outside the gates of Purgatory with the other monarchs whom Dante blamed for the chaotic political state of Europe during the 13th century.

Pope Leo 13, on the 13th day of December 1898, granted the following indulgences: `` An indulgence of three hundred days is granted to all the Faithful who read the Holy Gospels at least a quarter of an hour.

After the Great War, there was a proposal for the League of Nations to accept Esperanto as their working language, following a report by Nitobe Inazō, an official delegate of League of Nations during the 13th World Congress of Esperanto in Prague.

In part he was following in the tradition of Henry I and Henry II, but by the 13th century the volume of administrative work had greatly increased, which put much more pressure on a king who wished to rule in this style.

Newcastle finished runners-up in both the Premier League and FA Cup during his first season, but they could only finish 13th in 1997 – 98, which led to his dismissal the following season.

He recovered his goal-scoring form the following season, and was an ever-present player in the league once again, scoring 13 goals as Liverpool became league champions for the 13th time, and the third time since Dalglish's arrival.

Eri, the god-like founder of Nri, is believed to have settled the region around 948 with other related Igbo cultures following after in the 13th century.

Among the most common forms of poetry through the ages is the sonnet, which by the 13th century was a poem of fourteen lines following a set rhyme scheme and logical structure.

The clergy had amassed a fortune in land, about one-fifth of all Christendom but at the time, in the 12th and 13th centuries, the Church was following a policy of isolation ; they adopted the rule of celibacy and cut themselves from domestic life ; they refused to plead in a secular court ; they refused to pay taxes to the State on the grounds that they had already paid it to the Pope.

In Islam, only the Turkic Karaites observe Passover traditions in the evening following the last day of Tashriq ( the evening after the 13th of Dhu al-Hijjah ).

But they didn't have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils following several decades of increasing demand for a decentralisation of the Government of Sri Lanka.

Outside Lusatia, it has been superseded by German, following repeated " positive " discrimination, from the 13th century on, in favour of that latter tongue, being advantaged by the comparatively higher development of the German civilisation.

In England smuggling first became a recognised problem in the 13th century, following the creation of a national customs collection system by Edward I in 1275.

** Vice President Millard Fillmore becomes the 13th President of the United States following the death of President Taylor.

This is following years of persecution of the Knights Templar, initially started on Friday, October 13th, 1307 in collusion with King Philip " the fair " Le Bel of France.

The idea can be traced to Roger Bacon's observation that all languages are built upon a common grammar, substantially the same in all languages, even though it may undergo in them accidental variations, and the 13th century speculative grammarians who, following Bacon, postulated universal rules underlying all grammars.

The idea of a universal grammar can be traced to Roger Bacon's observation that all languages are built upon a common grammar, substantially the same in all languages, even though it may undergo accidental variations, and the 13th century speculative grammarians who, following Bacon, postulated universal rules underlying all grammars.

By the 13th century the following major counties had developed in Estonia: Saaremaa ( Osilia ), Läänemaa ( Rotalia or Maritima ), Harjumaa ( Harria ), Rävala ( Revalia ), Virumaa ( Vironia ), Järvamaa ( Jervia ), Sakala ( Saccala ), and Ugandi ( Ugaunia ).

However following the establishment of the Christian Kingdom of Hungary their community was vanquished by the end of the 13th century due to the Inquisitions ordered by the Catholic Church during the reign of Coloman, King of Hungary.

In the 13th century, following the destruction of Ray by Mongols, many of its inhabitants escaped to Tehran.

The victory gave Sampras his 13th Grand Slam title, breaking the record of 12 by Roy Emerson and at that time giving Sampras the most Grand Slam titles in history, until his record was eclipsed by Roger Federer following the 2009 Wimbledon final.

Charters for the holding of markets and fairs were granted in 1235 ( though this charter was swiftly revoked following objections by the Bishop of Wells to the competition it represented to the market in that city ), 1260 and 1318, and indicate that the town was developing and prospering in the 13th and early 14th centuries.

In 1120, following repeated crises between the counts of Auvergne and the bishops of Clermont and in order to counteract the clergy's power, the counts founded the rival city of Montferrand on a mound next to the fortifications of Clermont, on the model of the new cities of the Midi springing up in the 12th and 13th centuries.

One unusual development was the Geisslerlieder, the music of wandering bands of flagellants during two periods: the middle of the 13th century ( until they were suppressed by the Church ); and the period during and immediately following the Black Death, around 1350, when their activities were vividly recorded and well-documented with notated music.

The following day he got his first hit in the 13th inning of a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers off relief pitcher Elías Sosa.

( Slaves in Union-held areas and Northern states would become freed with the adoption of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865.

During the 13th century, when the gold mines in modern day Mali started to dry up, Bonoman and later other Akan states began to rise to promince as the major players in the Gold trade.

In the 13th c. Kazakhstan fell into a dominion of the Mongol Empire, and remained in the sphere of the Mongol successor states till the New Time.

According to the late 13th century chronicler Martin of Opava, Stephen VIII was described as being a German, who was elected pope due to the power and influence of his royal relative, the German king Otto I. Martin states that Otto ignored the will of the cardinals in imposing Stephen upon them, and because Stephen was hated for being a German, he was taken by supporters of Alberic II, who proceeded to maim and disfigure him to such an extent that Stephen was unable to appear in public again.

In the 13th century, most Italian city states already were hiring mercenaries, but Venetian troops were still recruited from the lagoon, plus feudal levies from Dalmatia ( the very famous Schiavoni or Oltremarini ) and Istria.

According to the Nagarakertagama, around the 13th century, Majapahit's vassal states spread throughout much of today's Indonesia, making it the largest empire ever to exist in Southeast Asia.

Moderates said this could be easily accomplished as soon as Confederate armies surrendered and the Southern states repealed secession and accepted the 13th Amendment – most of which happened by December 1865.

Johnson, however, was content with allowing former Confederate states into the Union as long as their state governments adopted the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery.

In the 13th century the bishops of Münster gained control over the region ; the Emsland remained property of the bishop until 1803, when the clerical states were dissolved.

Hemer remained an unimportant settlement without market rights, even when the Counts of the Mark gained independence from the episcopal state of Cologne in the 13th century, when Hemer found itself on the boundary of the two states.

( Because it was a common symbol in the region, it was the flag of the Lombard League, a coalition of city states including both Milan and Genoa that opposed Frederick Barbarossa in the 12th and 13th Century.

But after the 13th Century many European states such as Germany, Italy, and Spain began to return to physical abuse for religious inquisition, and for secular investigations.

Baekje Kingdom invaded and incorporated several small mahan states into herself in the 13th year of King Onjo ’ s reign.

The earliest states may have been established between the 13th and 15th centuries by a group of pastoral rulers called the Chwezi.

When Kievan Rus ' became fragmented in the 13th century, the title Kniaz continued to be used in East Slavic states, including Kiev, Chernihiv, Novgorod, Pereiaslav, Vladimir-Suzdal ', Muscovy, Tver, Halych-Volynia, and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

As part of various Serbian states ( especially since the 12th century ), the Bokeljs ( especially Kotorans ) highly influenced the political life of the Serbian realm and sided with the Serbian crown, rather than the Papacy ( as occurred in the conflict between Kotor and Bar when the Pope supported Bar and the citizens of Kotor declared King Uros their Pope, in the 13th century ).

Only in the 13th century did these two states merge into one-the Kingdom of Artsakh.

The Empire flourished from the 13th to the late 14th century but began to decline as some vassal states throw away the yoke of Mali and regained their independence.

Another explanation, tied to etymology, states that many very first firearms barrels were in fact realized, during the 12th and 13th centuries, using small storage barrels with their usual metal rings reinforced by leather, hence the barrel name.

The corn marigold must have been a serious weed during the 13th century in Scotland ; a law of Alexander II states if a farmer allows so much as a single plant to produce seed in amongst his crops, then he will be fined a sheep.

In the 13th century, the Duchy of Swabia disintegrated into numerous smaller states.

Historians ( in particular Hugh Kennedy ) have argued that the concentric defence arose as a response to advances in siege technology in the crusader states from the 12th to the 13th century.

It was originally played in the 13th century in the Basque reigon of Spain, and has been played for a long time in Mexico, South America, Cuba, Italy and many US states, including Florida.

Furthermore, in the National Envirothon competition, the team placed 13th out of 54 teams from 44 states, 9 provinces, and 1 territory.