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Apollo and 16
* 1972 – Apollo program: The launch of Apollo 16 from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon and the first to land in the lunar highlands.
The decision to target the Apollo 16 lunar landing for the highlands region of the Moon was made to obtain samples of the Descartes Formation and the Cayley Formation.
John Young, a captain in the United States Navy, had flown on three spaceflights prior to Apollo 16: Gemini 3, Gemini 10 and Apollo 10, which orbited the Moon.
One of nineteen astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966, Charles Duke had never flown in space before Apollo 16.
The insignia of Apollo 16 is dominated by rendering of an American eagle and a red, white and blue shield, representing the people of the United States, overlaying a gray background, the lunar surface.
Apollo 16 was slated to be the second of the " J-missions ," an Apollo mission type featuring the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle ( LRV ), increased scientific capability, and lunar surface stays of three days.
As Apollo 16 was the penultimate mission in the Apollo program and there was no new hardware or procedures to test on the lunar surface, the last two missions ( the other being Apollo 17 ) presented opportunities for astronauts to clear up some uncertainties in understanding the Moon's properties.
They had hoped that scientific output from the Apollo 16 mission would confirm their suspicion.
Location of the Apollo 16 landing site.
Two locations on the Moon were given primary consideration for exploration by the Apollo 16 expedition, the Descartes Highlands region west of Mare Nectaris and the crater Alphonsus.
Geologists feared, however, that samples obtained from the crater might have been contaminated by the Imbrium impact, thus preventing Apollo 16 from obtaining samples of pre-Imbrium material.
It was ultimately decided to target the Apollo 16 mission to the Descartes site.
After selecting the landing site for Apollo 16, sampling the Descartes and Cayley formations, two geologic units of the lunar highlands, were determined by mission planners to be the primary sampling interests of the mission.
In preparation for their mission, the Apollo 16 astronauts participated in an extensive training program that included, among other things, several field geology trips to introduce the astronauts to concepts and techniques they would eventually use on the lunar surface.
In July 1971, the Apollo 16 astronauts visited Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada for geology training exercises, the first time U. S. astronauts ever did so.
Apollo 16 launches from the Kennedy Space Center on 16 April 1972.
The launch of Apollo 16 was delayed one month from 17 March to 16 April.

Apollo and spacecraft
First conceived during the Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space, Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal of " landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth " by the end of the 1960s, which he proposed in a May 25, 1961 address to Congress.
Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Lunar Module ( LM ) on the Moon on July 20, 1969 and walked on its surface while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command spacecraft, and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24.
It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit ; Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit.
While the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, the Apollo spacecraft was to be able to carry three astronauts on a circumlunar flight and eventually to a lunar landing.
The LOC also included an Operations and Checkout Building ( OCB ), to which Gemini and Apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles.
The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to, which is nearly a vacuum.
* 1970 – An oxygen tank aboard Apollo 13 explodes, putting the crew in great danger and causing major damage to the spacecraft while en route to the Moon.
The crew performed the Apollo light flash experiment, or ALFMED, to investigate " light flashes " that were seen by the astronauts when the spacecraft was dark, regardless of whether or not their eyes were open, on Apollo lunar flights.
At just over 74 hours into the mission, Apollo 16 spacecraft passed behind the Moon, losing direct contact with mission control.
At the end of the Apollo 16 crew's final full day in space, the spacecraft was approximately from Earth and closing at a rate of about.
When the wake-up call was issued to the Apollo 16 crew for their final day in space by capsule communicator Tony England, the spacecraft was about out from Earth, traveling just over.
image: The Earth seen from Apollo 17. jpg | Apollo 17 photo of the Earth as the spacecraft headed for the Moon ( now known as " The Blue Marble photo ").
* 1970 – Apollo program: The ill-fated Apollo 13 spacecraft returns to Earth safely.
NASA planners invented the term extra-vehicular activity in the early 1960s for the Apollo program to land men on the Moon, because the astronauts would leave the spacecraft to collect lunar material samples and deploy scientific experiments.
To support this, and other Apollo objectives, the Gemini program was spun off to develop the capability for astronauts to work outside a two-man Earth orbiting spacecraft.
* 1967 – Lunar Orbiter program: Lunar Orbiter 3 lifts off from Cape Canaveral's Launch Complex 13 on its mission to identify possible landing sites for the Surveyor and Apollo spacecraft.
It was first used on the Apollo program where the returning spacecraft did not enter Earth orbit
* 1967 – Astronauts Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee are killed in a fire during a test of their Apollo 1 spacecraft at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida.
* 1975 – Space Race: Apollo – Soyuz Test Project features the dual launch of an Apollo spacecraft and a Soyuz spacecraft on the first joint Soviet-United States human-crewed flight.

Apollo and was
As the patron of Delphi ( Pythian Apollo ), Apollo was an oracular god — the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle.
Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius, yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague.
However, while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth, only a few occur in Latin literature, chief among them Phoebus ( ; Φοίβος, Phoibos, literally " radiant "), which was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans in Apollo's role as the god of light.
As sun-god and god of light, Apollo was also known by the epithets Aegletes ( ; Αἰγλήτης, Aiglētēs, from αἴγλη, " light of the sun "), Helius ( ; Ἥλιος, Helios, literally " sun "), Phanaeus ( ; Φαναῖος, Phanaios, literally " giving or bringing light "), and Lyceus ( ; Λύκειος, Lukeios, from Proto-Greek * λύκη, " light ").
In association with his birthplace, Mount Cynthus on the island of Delos, Apollo was called Cynthius ( ; Κύνθιος, Kunthios, literally " Cynthian "), Cynthogenes ( ; Κύνθογενης, Kunthogenēs, literally " born of Cynthus "), and Delius ( ; Δήλιος, Delios, literally " Delian ").
Apollo was worshipped as Actiacus ( ; Ἄκτιακός, Aktiakos, literally " Actian "), Delphinius ( ; Δελφίνιος, Delphinios, literally " Delphic "), and Pythius ( ; Πύθιος, Puthios, from Πυθώ, Pūthō, the area around Delphi ), after Actium ( Ἄκτιον ) and Delphi ( Δελφοί ) respectively, two of his principal places of worship.
Acesius was the epithet of Apollo worshipped in Elis, where he had a temple in the agora.
A temple was dedicated to Apollo Medicus at Rome, probably next to the temple of Bellona.
As a god of archery, Apollo was known as Aphetor ( ; Ἀφήτωρ, Aphētōr, from ὰφίημι, " to let loose ") or Aphetorus ( ; Ἀφητόρος, Aphētoros, of the same origin ), Argyrotoxus ( ; Ἀργυρότοξος, Argurotoxos, literally " with silver bow "), Hecaërgus ( ; Ἑκάεργος, Hekaergos, literally " far-shooting "), and Hecebolus ( ; Ἑκηβόλος, Hekēbolos, literally " far-shooting ").
Apollo was called Ismenius ( ; Ἰσμηνιός, Ismēnios, literally " of Ismenus ") after Ismenus, the son of Amphion and Niobe, whom he struck with an arrow.
Apollo was worshipped throughout the Roman Empire.
Apollo was worshipped at Mauvières ( Indre ).
This epithet was given to Apollo in parts of Gaul, Northern Italy and Noricum ( part of modern Austria ).
Apollo Belenus was a healing and sun god.
Grannus was a healing spring god, later equated with Apollo.
An epithet for Apollo at Alesia, where he was worshipped as god of healing and, possibly, of physicians.
Apollo Virotutis was worshipped, among other places, at Fins d ' Annecy ( Haute-Savoie ) and at Jublains ( Maine-et-Loire ).
At Delphi, Apollo was venerated as the slayer of Pytho.
For the Greeks, Apollo was all the Gods in one and through the centuries he acquired different functions which could originate from different gods.
The magicians were also called " seer-doctors " ( ιατρομάντεις ), and they used an ecstatic prophetic art which was used exactly by the god Apollo at the oracles.
It was in this way that Apollo had become recognised as the god of music.
Apollo Delphinios was a sea-god especially worshiped in Crete and in the islands, and his name indicates his connection with Delphi and the holy serpent Delphyne ( womb ).
We don't know his original name, but it seems that he was absorbed by the more powerful Apollo, who stood by the " Mistress of the animals ", becoming her brother.

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