Thus head of the House of Bourbon became the now eldest male heir of the dynasty Juan, Count of Montizón of the Spanish line of the house who was also Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain.

In 1963 Queen Juliana faced another crisis among the Protestant part of her people when her daughter Irene secretly converted to Roman Catholicism and, without government approval, on 29 April 1964 married Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon, Duke of Parma, a claimant to the Spanish throne and also a leader in Spain's Carlist party.

Thus these Legitimists settled on Juan, Count of Montizón, the Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne ( the Salic law having been suspended in Spain, the actual king, Alfonso XII, was not the senior descendant in the male line ), as their claimant to the French crown.

Infante Carlos, Count of Molina ( 29 March 1788 – 10 March 1855 ), was the first Carlist claimant from 1833 to 1845, including during the First Carlist War.

Carlos, Count of Montemolin ( 31 January 1818 – 13 January 1861 ), was the son of Carlos V. He was Carlist claimant from 1845 to 1861, and was known as the Count of Montemolin.

He was Carlist claimant from 1860 to 1868, and was known as the Count of Montizon.

He was Carlist claimant from 1868 to 1909, including during the Third Carlist War.

He was Carlist claimant from 1909 to 1931, and was known as the Duke of Madrid.

He was Carlist claimant from 1931 to 1936, and was known as the Duke of San Jaime.

He remained Carlist claimant until he abdicated in 1975.

He was Carlist claimant from 1977 until his death and was known as the Duke of Madrid.

He was the son of King Alfonso XII, son of Francisco de Asis de Borbón, son of Infante Francisco de Paula, the younger brother of Carlos V. He was recognised as Carlist claimant by a minority of Carlists who considered the death of Alfonso Carlos an opportunity to reunite Spanish monarchists both Carlist and Isabelline.

In 1960 Jaime announced that he was Carlist claimant and began using the title Duke of Madrid ; he remained Carlist claimant until his death in 1975.

In 1943, one of their sons presented himself as Carlist claimant in succession to his great-uncle Alfonso Carlos.

* Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany was Carlist claimant from 1943 to 1953.

* Archduke Anton of Austria was the brother of Karl Pius and was Carlist claimant ( Carlos IX ) from 1953 to 1961.

* Archduke Franz Josef of Austria was the brother of Karl Pius and Anton and was Carlist claimant ( Francisco I ) from 1961 to 1975.

* Archduke Dominic of Austria is the son of Anton and has been Carlist claimant ( Domingo I ) from 1975 until present.

On 15 January 1837 the Spanish Cortes, then in midst of the First Carlist War ( 1833 – 39 ), excluded Miguel from the Spanish succession, on the grounds that he was in rebellion along with his maternal uncle Carlos, the first Carlist pretender of Spain.

In 1971, Don Carlos Hugo founded the new Carlist Party based on the confederalist view of Las Españas for Spain and socialist autogestion ( then promoted in Yugoslavia ).

General Agustín Nogueras unfortunately caused the mother of Cabrera to be shot, and the Carlist leader then started upon a policy of reprisals so merciless that the people nicknamed him The Tiger of the Maestrazgo.

Fifteen former AAA members ( including Rodolfo Almirón, who later became Manuel Fraga's chief of personal security ) participated in the Montejurra 1976 shooting of two left-wing Carlist members in Spain, along with Italian neofascist Stefano Delle Chiaie and Jean Pierre Cherid, former member of the OAS and then of the GAL death squad.

A series of civil wars then broke out in Spain, pitting Spanish liberals and then republicans against conservatives, culminating in the Carlist Wars between the moderate Queen Isabella and her uncle, the reactionary Infante Carlos.

As aide-de-camp of Espoz y Mina, then under the orders of Generals Córdoba and Espartero, in the armies of Queen Isabella, Serrano took such an active part in the Carlist War from 1834 to 1839, that he rose from the rank of captain to that of brigadier-general.

On July 3, 1875, during the Carlist Wars, the pretender to the throne Don Carlos of the house of Borbón also visited Guernica and swore the oath.

Her uncle Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War.

* December 27 – Siege of Bilbao-Third Carlist War -( 27 December 1873-2 May 1874 )- Campaigning in Navarre, Pretender Don Carlos VII and General Joaquín Elío besiege Bilbao, held by General Ignacio del Castillo and 1, 200 men.

Don Carlos, the Carlist pretender ( Carlos VII ) appointed General Rada commander-in-chief in Spain, and called for a general rising.

* February 24-February 25 – First Battle of Somorrostro ( Third Carlist War ): Determined to raise the siege of Bilbao by the Pretender Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano sent General Domingo Moriones with a relief force of 14, 000 men.

* March 25 – 27 – Second Battle of Somorrostro ( Third Carlist War ): In a renewed attempt to raise the siege of Bilbao by Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano himself arrived with 27, 000 men and 70 cannon.

* July 24 – Sack of Cuenca ( Third Carlist War ): After Carlist forces successfully defended Estella, Don Alfonso de Bourbon, brother of the Don Carlos VII, led 14, 000 Catalan Carlists south to attack Cuenca 136 km from Madrid, held by Republicans under Don Hilario Lozano.

He did not take the field till the Carlist cause appeared to be at a very low ebb, and until he had received a commission from Don Carlos as commander-in-chief in Navarre.

Spanish zouaves in the Third Carlist War ( 1872 – 1876 ) were created by the pretender to the Spanish throne, Don Alfonso Carlos, who raised the Carlist Zouaves as an honor guard to accompany himself and his wife Maria de las Nieves Braganza.

During the First Carlist War, troops under the command of Don Carlos unsuccessfully attacked the city.

: Several of the Carlist pretenders to the Spanish throne were also known as Don Carlos.

“ the first Carlist war was fought not so much on the basis of the legal claim of Don Carlos, but because a passionate, dedicated section of the Spanish people favored a return to a kind of absolute monarchy that they felt would protect their individual freedoms ( fueros ), their regional individuality and their religious conservatism .”

Don Juan Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, Count of Montizón () ( May 15, 1822 – November 18, 1887 ) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain from 1860 to 1868, and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France from 1883 to 1887.

In this First Carlist War ( 1833-1839 ) he rose in a very short time by sheer daring, fanaticism and ferocity to the front rank among the Carlist chiefs who led the bands of Don Carlos in Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia.

He took offence when new men, not a few of them quondam regular officers, became the advisers and lieutenants of Don Carlos in the Third Carlist War which lasted more or less from 1870-1876.

In midst of the first Carlist War, on 15 January 1837 the Cortes passed a law, ratified by royal decree of Regent María Cristina, which excluded Don Carlos and several his named allies from the succession to the Spanish crown and declared them stripped from their Spanish titles.

Of Navarran Basque Carlist aristocracy, Jaime is the fourth of the five sons and one daughter of Amalio de Marichalar y Bruguera, 8th Count of Ripalda, ( Madrid, 13 May 1912-Madrid, 26 December 1979 ) and his wife ( m. Torrecilla de Cameros, La Rioja, 25 July 1957 ) María de la Concepción Sáenz de Tejada y Fernández de Boadilla ( Logroño, La Rioja, 3 January 1929 -).