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French and ranks
The rest of Marlborough's army, waiting in their ranks on the forward slope, were also forced to bear the cannonade from the French artillery, suffering 2, 000 casualties before the attack could even be begun.
Nevertheless, the exhausted French were unable to follow up their advantage, and the two cavalry forces tried to regroup and reorder their ranks.
Two hours later the Duke, accompanied by the Dutch field commander Field Marshal Overkirk, General Daniel Dopff, and the Allied staff, rode up to Cadogan where on the horizon to the westward he could discern the massed ranks of the French army deploying for battle along the four mile ( 6. 4 km ) front.
The disparity of numbers exacerbated by Villeroi stripping their ranks of infantry to reinforce his left flank enabled Overkirk's cavalry to throw the first line of French horse back in some disorder towards their second-line squadrons.
" Fortunately Marlborough s newly appointed aide-de-camp, Richard Molesworth, galloped to the rescue, mounted the Duke on his horse and made good their escape, before Murray s disciplined ranks threw back the pursuing French troopers.
The rank of commodore derives from the French commandeur, which was one of the highest ranks in orders of knighthood, and in military orders the title of the knight in charge of a commenda ( a local part of the order's territorial possessions ).
Directors from nations such as Poland ( Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Kieslowski, and Andrzej Żuławski ), Argentina ( Gaspar Noe and Edgardo Cozarinsky ), Russia ( Alexandre Alexeieff, Anatole Litvak ) and Georgia ( Gela Babluani, Otar Iosseliani ) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema.
Some of the lords and their descendants rose to high ranks in their adoptive countries, such as the French royalist Patrice de Mac-Mahon, who became president of France.
Despite the modern view that longbows had trouble penetrating high-quality plate armour after about 1350, as late as 1415 the hail of arrows created by massed ranks of thousands of longbowmen helped to win the battle against plate-armoured French knights at Agincourt.
Higher-quality armour of steel would have given considerably greater protection, which accords well with the experience of Oxford's men against the elite French vanguard at Poitiers in 1356, and des Ursin's statement that the French knights of the first ranks at Agincourt, which included some of the most important ( and thus best-equipped ) nobles, remained comparatively unhurt by the English arrows.
For those used to the British / Commonwealth / American system of ranks, it is important to realise that " Major " is the senior non-commissioned rank in the French / Monegasque system, equivalent to " Sergeant-Major ".
As with the Levantine Special Troops, French officers held the top posts, but as Syrian independence approached, the ranks below major were gradually filled by Syrian officers who had graduated from the Military Academy at Homs, which had been established by the French during the 1930s.
In 1938 the Troupes Spéciales numbered around 10, 000 men and 306 officers ( of whom 88 were French, mainly in the higher ranks ).
Much as the British salute, described above, the French military salutes to demonstrate a mark of respect and courtesy for the commissioned ranks.
He progressed through motor sport's junior ranks, winning the French and European Formula Three championships, before joining the McLaren Formula One team in 1980 at the age of 25.
In the early 1950s he had been a member of the French Communist Party, although never adopted an orthodox Marxist viewpoint and left the party after three years, disgusted by the prejudice towards Jews and homosexuals within its ranks.
The French Ministry of Defence tried in 1990 to give more easily higher ranks and driving licenses to young French soldiers with North-African ancestry.
They advised their leaders to break ranks with the French.
Born in Nancy, France, the son of a baker, he trained as an artilleryman and took part in the battles of the French Revolution where he rose through the ranks.
In France, vice-amiral is the most senior of the ranks in the French Navy ; higher ranks, vice-amiral d ' escadre and amiral, are permanent functions, style and position ( in French rang et appellation ) given to a vice-amiral-ranking officer.

French and wavered
Meyer found his calling only late in life ; for many years, being practically bilingual, he wavered between French and German.
Vigo-Roussillon stated that the enemy artillery fired one salvo when the troops were part-way across, causing numerous casualties, at which point the column wavered and stopped, but a number of senior French officers rushed to the head of the column and led it forward again.
The French military attaché at Berlin, Foucault, informed him of a curious conversation he had had with Richard Cuers, a spy who wavered between France and Germany.
The 18-year-old Maximilian Joseph wavered between the Peace-party, led by his mother Maria Amalia of Austria and Army Commander Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff and the War-party, led by Foreign Minister General Ignaz Count of Törring and the French envoy Chavigny.
Elected to the National Convention in September 1792, he developed moderate, even reactionary views, becoming one of the fiercest opponents of The Mountain-although he never wavered in his support for the French Republic.

French and leading
* 1793 French Revolutionary Wars: the city of Toulon revolts against the French Republic and admits the British and Spanish fleets to seize its port, leading to the Siege of Toulon by French Revolutionary forces.
While many leading chemists of the time refused to accept Lavoisier's new ideas, demand for Traité élémentaire as a textbook in Edinburgh was sufficient to merit translation into English within about a year of its French publication.
In the debate leading up to the adoption of the holiday, Henri Martin, chairman of the French Senate, addressed that chamber on 29 June 1880.
Local German peasants, angry at French plundering, compounded Tallard's problems, leading Mérode-Westerloo to bemoan " the enraged peasantry killed several thousand of our men before the army was clear of the Black Forest.
A French reconnaissance under the Marquis de Silly went forward to probe the enemy, but were driven off by Allied troops who had deployed to cover the pioneers of the advancing army, labouring to bridge the numerous streams in the area and improve the passage leading westwards to Höchstädt.
Trapped in a crossfire, the leading French ships were battered into surrender during a fierce three-hour battle, while the centre was able to successfully repel the initial British attack.
At 17: 30, Nelson hailed one of his two leading ships, HMS Zealous under Captain Samuel Hood, which had been racing Goliath to be the first to fire on the French.
At 18: 20, as Goliath and Zealous rapidly bore down on them, the leading French ships Guerrier and Conquérant opened fire.
In his work, Meinhof looked at noun classes with all Bantu languages having at least 10 classes and with 22 classes of nouns existing throughout the Bantu languages, though his definition of noun class differs slightly from the accepted one, considering the plural form of a word as belonging to a different class from the singular form ( thus leading, for example, to consider a language like French as having four classes instead of two ).
Jacques-Louis David was, in his time, regarded as the leading painter in France, and arguably all of Western Europe ; many of the painters honored by the restored Bourbons following the French Revolution had been David's pupils.
Much encyclopaedism of the French Renaissance was based upon the notion of not including every fact known to humans, but only that knowledge that was necessary, where necessity was judged by a wide variety of criteria, leading to works of greatly varying sizes.
A French translation of Chambers ' work inspired the Encyclopédie, perhaps the most famous early encyclopedia, notable for its scope, the quality of some contributions, and its political and cultural impact in the years leading up to the French revolution.
Some days after that meeting, the delegation was approached by three French agents ( at first identified as " X ", " Y ", and " Z " in published papers, leading the controversy to be called the " XYZ Affair ") who demanded substantial bribes from the commissioners before negotiations could continue.
At first, only those freed prisoners who could raise the fare for their return passage to France were able to go home, so French Guiana was haunted after the official closing of the prisons by numerous freed convicts leading an aimless existence in the colony.
French forces invaded Spain in 1808, leading to the Peninsular War of 1808 1814.
By 1918, two French mathematicians, Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia, though working independently, arrived essentially simultaneously at results describing what are now seen as fractal behaviour associated with mapping complex numbers and iterative functions and leading to further ideas about attractors and repellors ( i. e., points that attract or repel other points ), which have become very important in the study of fractals ( see Figure 3 and Figure 4 ).
Albert took a leading part in the operations which preceded the battle of Sedan, the 4th army being the pivot on which the whole army wheeled round in pursuit of Mac-Mahon ; and the actions of Buzancy and Beaumont on 29 and 30 August 1870 were fought under his direction ; in the Battle of Sedan itself ( 1 September 1870 ), with the troops under his orders, Albert carried out the envelopment of the French on the east and north.
Other restaurants were opened by chefs of the time who were leaving the failing monarchy of France, in the period leading up to the French Revolution.
Bad harvests ( caused in part by extreme weather from El Niño along with volcanic activity at Laki and Grímsvötn in 1783 1784 ), rising food prices, and an inadequate transportation system that hindered the shipment of bulk foods from rural areas to large population centers contributed greatly to the destabilization of French society in the years leading up to the Revolution.
After having been assured by James that all rumours about a French alliance were malevolent fabrications, Dijkvelt returned to the Republic, with letters of varying importance from leading English statesmen.
The next year, he won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as New York City Detective Jimmy " Popeye " Doyle in The French Connection, marking his graduation to leading man status.

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