However, since the agents of the Third Section generally only surveilled powerful nobles or bureaucrats or those suspected of treasonous acts, the Section ’ s reports to Tsar Nicholas, which had been intended to keep the Tsar accurately informed, gave Nicholas an incomplete view of the general mood of his people.

Explanations include that he was suspected of dishonesty or extortion, or that the Tsar feared he intended to introduce constitutional government by reviving the Zemsky Sobor ( parliament ).

It was rumoured that the sentence was so severe, because the Tsar suspected that his own paternity was involved.

She often wrote to its then ruler, Tsar Ivan IV, on amicable terms, though the Tsar was often annoyed by her focus on commerce rather than on the possibility of a military alliance.

The first Russian ruler to officially crown himself " Tsar " was Ivan IV.

Like the Tsar, she was not a ruler.

** Tsar Chaka, Mongol ruler of Bulgaria

Its subjects are the Russian ruler Boris Godunov, who reigned as Tsar ( 1598 to 1605 ) during the Time of Troubles, and his nemesis, the False Dmitriy ( reigned 1605 to 1606 ).

Writing about the Russian Tsar, Herberstein wrote that " in the power he holds over his people the ruler of Muscovy surpasses all the monarchs of the world.

Peter the Great became Tsar in 1682 upon the death of his elder brother Feodor but did not become the actual ruler until 1689.

Ivan managed countless changes in the progression from a medieval state to an empire and emerging regional power, and became the first ruler to be crowned as Tsar of all Russia.

By being crowned Tsar, Ivan was sending a message to the world and to Russia: he was now the one and only supreme ruler of the country, and his will was not to be questioned.

After Ivan's death on January 29, 1696 his half brother Peter I was left to become supreme ruler and Tsar of all of Russia.

Henry was a wise ruler, whose reign was largely passed in successful struggles with Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria, and with his rival, Theodore I Lascaris, emperor of Nicaea.

" Khan " was the official title of the ruler until 864 AD, when Kniaz Boris ( known also as Tsar Boris I ) adopted the Eastern Orthodox faith.

When Tsar Simeon the Great began expanding his kingdom of Bulgaria, he gained control of a segment of " White Croatia ", forcing Prince Laborec ( a local ruler ) to recognize his authority at the end of the 9th century.

It was at this point that the phrase “ ruler of Obdor, Konda, and all Siberian lands ” was included in the title of the Tsar of Muscovy.

Often imprecisely rendered as Grand Duke ( actually a lower rank with which it should not be confused ), Grand Prince ( in German Großfürst ) was used for the rulers of Lithuania ( which in 1386 formed a personal union with the elective kingdom Poland ) and Moscovia, the nucleus of later imperial Russia, until its ruler assumed the sovereign style Tsar of royal rank, and still later emperor in imperial Russia.

A highly appreciated associate and friend of Tsar Peter the Great, he was the de facto ruler of Russia for two years.

Ivan the Terrible was the first ruler to be crowned as the Tsar of All Russia in 1547.

* Tsar Boris II was ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire.

* Tsar Boris III was ruler of the Kingdom of Bulgaria in the first half of the 20th century.

Although the Romanovs mounted Russia's throne in 1613 due to kinship-by-marriage to a tsar ( Ivan the Terrible ) descended from the 9th century founding ruler Rurik, when in 1880 Tsar Alexander II wed Catherine Dolgorukov, a Rurikid princess, the marriage and its progeny were deemed morganatic.

* Tsar Vladimir the Conqueror-ruthless ruler of the Russian empire.

This became the subject of an urban legend stating that when planning the project, Tsar Nicholas ( who reputedly, exasperated by the bickering of officials arguing over the route, selected the route by taking a ruler and drawing a straight line between the two cities on a map ) accidentally drew around his own finger on the ruler.

For its entire history, the Third Section ’ s surveillance had been imperfect ; not only did the gendarmes often fail to surveil people who were actually plotting, in one case, they even allowed Sophia Perovsky, who later led the successful plot to assassinate Tsar Alexander II ( r. 1855-1881 ), to escape from them at a railroad station.

* 1825 – Advocates of liberalism in Russia rise up against Tsar Nicholas I and are put down in the Decembrist Revolt in St. Petersburg.

Besides their obligations as obedient and nonpolitical inhabitants of the Grand Duchy, and participants in the political battle against the Tsar, workers had begun to ask for and then demand their civil rights in Finnish society.

Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon, Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible, but, once pitted against a coalition of the great powers of Europe, the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the weakness of Tsar Nicholas ' regime.

Although critical of the Tsar, General Kornilov felt that Russia, as part of the Triple Entente, was committed to continue the war against the Central Powers, and he shared the widespread belief of some Russians that after the February Revolution the country was descending into anarchy and that military defeat would be disastrous for Russia.

Because of the many threats against Maria and Alexander III, the head of the security police, General Cherevin, shortly after the coronation urged the Tsar and his family to relocate to Gatchina Palace, a more secure location 50 kilometres outside St. Petersburg.

As the second year of the massive Russo-Japanese War begins, more than 100, 000 die in the largest world battles of that era, and the war chaos leads to a revolution against the Tsar.

On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden.

He outstayed his welcome, refusing to leave until the Ottoman Empire joined him in a new war against Tsar Peter I of Russia.

In 1185 Peter and Asen, leading nobles of supposed and contested Bulgarian, Cuman, Vlach or mixed origin, led a revolt against Byzantine rule and Peter declared himself Tsar Peter II.

Patkul was also extradited and executed by breaking on the wheel in 1707, an incident which given his diplomatic immunity, infuriated opinion against the Swedish king, who then was expected to win the war against the only hostile power remaining, Tsar Peter's Russia.

* August 20 – Battle of Achelous: A large-scale Byzantine expedition against Bulgaria is routed by Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria.

In the early 19th century, many Russian artists, officers and nobles were sent into exile in Siberia for their part in the Decembrist revolt against Tsar Nicholas I. Irkutsk became the major center of intellectual and social life for these exiles, and much of the city's cultural heritage comes from them ; many of their wooden houses, adorned with ornate, hand-carved decorations, survive today, in stark contrast with the standard Soviet apartment blocks that surround them.

Tomsk was established under a decree from Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604 after Toyan, the Tatar duke of Eushta, asked for the Tsar's protection against Kirghiz robbers.

General Erich Ludendorff, Generalquartiermeister and joint head ( with von Hindenburg ) of Germany's war effort, stated that Russian communist elements working against the Tsar had betrayed Kitchener's travel plans to Germany.

Shortly after the Tsar Bomba was detonated, Sakharov began speaking out against nuclear weapons, which culminated in his becoming a dissident.

Even though a changed political scene after the death of Russian Tsar Paul reduced the political importance of the battle and material losses in the battle were of little importance to the fighting strength of either navy ( the Danish side had taken great care to spare its first-class ships ), the battle is nevertheless still remembered on the Danish side for the extraordinary valour of the Navy's personnel and the many Copenhagen volunteers who fought for hours against overwhelming odds.

In 1904, the British invaded Lhasa, a preemptive strike against Russian intrigues and secret meetings between the 13th Dalai Lama's envoy and Tsar Nicholas II.

With the Congress of Vienna, the monarchs of Russia, Prussia, and Austria formed the Holy Alliance, a form of collective security against revolution and Bonapartism inspired by Tsar Alexander I of Russia.

He supported the Tsar against Napoleon in French invasion of Russia ( 1812 ) arguing that the emancipation of the Jews would lead to laxity in observance.

However, the slights against him by the Tsar's retinue continued ; when he was promoted to lieutenant-general in July 1916, unlike all other Grand Dukes who attained that rank he was not appointed as an aide-de-camp to the Tsar with the rank of adjutant-general.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 did not give him time to organize a new army, and the Sultan was forced to fight with these young and undisciplined recruits against the veterans of the Tsar.

With his hands tied by war in Anatolia, Emperor Basil required allies for his war against Tsar Samuel, who had much of Macedonia.

On the night of 21 / 22 July 1807 Canning received intelligence directly from Tilsit ( where Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I of Russia were negotiating a treaty ) which appeared " to rest on good authority " that Napoleon had proposed to the Tsar a great naval combination against Britain, of which Denmark and Portugal would be members.