In the modern English `` whodunnit '', this insinuation of latent criminality in the detective himself has almost entirely disappeared.

The Hindi alphabet must represent both Sanskrit and modern vocabulary, and so has been expanded to 58 with the khutma letters ( letters with a dot added ) to represent sounds from Persian and English.

In more modern English usage, the term " adobe " has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America, especially in New Mexico.

In modern English there are several conventions for abbreviations, and the choice may be confusing.

In modern English, " Americans " generally refers to residents of the United States, and among native speakers of English this usage is almost universal, with any other use of the term requiring specification of the subject under discussion.

For example, the word " Amerika " in German has a one-to-one equivalence to its meaning in modern English: it may denote North America, South America, or both, and in some instances refers to the United States only.

As an English name, it has been in use since the Middle Ages, though it was not popular until modern times.

The meaning was eventually further generalized in its modern English usage to apply to any outrageous act or exhibition of pride or disregard for basic moral laws.

Lavoisier's Traité élémentaire de chimie ( Elementary Treatise on Chemistry, 1789, translated into English by Scotsman Robert Kerr ) is considered to be the first modern chemistry textbook.

Most modern English grammarians no longer use the Latin accusative / dative model, though they tend to use the terms objective for oblique, subjective for nominative, and possessive for genitive ( see Declension in English ).

Originally published in modern Hebrew, with a running commentary to facilitate learning, his Steinzaltz edition of the Talmud has also been translated into English, French, Russian and Spanish.

The Shakespearean English form of the word ' brass ' can mean any bronze alloy, or copper, rather than the strict modern definition of brass.

The spelling and names in both the 1609 – 1610 Douay Old Testament ( and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament ) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner ( the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English ) and in the Septuagint ( an ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, which is widely used by the Eastern Orthodox instead of the Masoretic text ) differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text.

The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically ( and possibly pejoratively in English ) to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text ( also called the Tanakh or Miqra ) and most modern Protestant Bibles.

An Old English poem such as Beowulf is very different from modern poetry.

Bede ( ; ; 672 / 673 – 26 May 735 ), also referred to as Saint Bede or the Venerable Bede (), was an English monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow ( see Monkwearmouth-Jarrow ), both in the Kingdom of Northumbria.

This group of languages ( Welsh, Cornish, Cumbric ) cohabited alongside English into the modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages, influence on English was notably limited.

Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first " modern " text book, Matthias Schleiden's, published in English in 1849 as Principles of Scientific Botany.

Rather, in modern times, the various autonomous houses have formed themselves loosely into congregations ( for example, Cassinese, English, Solesmes, Subiaco, Camaldolese, Sylvestrines ) that in turn are represented in the Benedictine Confederation that came into existence through Pope Leo XIII's Apostolic Brief " Summum semper " on July 12, 1883.

However, some modern Catholic English Bibles restore the Septuagint order, such as Esther in the NAB.

The modern English pronunciation is.

Prior to this, in Old and Middle English, the word was usually spelled Crist the i being pronounced either as, preserved in the names of churches such as St Katherine Cree, or as a short, preserved in the modern pronunciation of Christmas.

The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

The Greek alphabet evolved into the modern western alphabets, such as Latin and Cyrillic, while Aramaic became the ancestor of many modern abjads and abugidas of Asia.

The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant, since virtually all modern Middle Eastern writing systems use a script that can be traced back to it, as well as numerous non-Chinese writing systems of Central and East Asia.

Among the scripts in modern use, the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BCE, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes.

The use of " Χ ," derived from Chi, the Greek alphabet initial, as an abbreviation for Christ ( most commonly in the abbreviation " Χmas ") is often misinterpreted as a modern secularization of the term.

He proposed a reform of the Latin alphabet by the addition of three new letters, two of which served the function of the modern letters W and Y.

D ( named dee ) is the fourth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.

There are two families of manual alphabets used for representing the Latin alphabet in the modern world.

The most widely used modern descendant is the American manual alphabet.

Ancient epichoric variants of the Greek alphabet from Euboea, Ionia, Athens and Ancient Corinth | Corinth comparing to modern Greek.

The modern Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital ( majuscule ) and lowercase ( minuscule ) form.

In missals, the Glagolitic script was eventually replaced with the Latin alphabet, but the use of the Slavic language in the Mass continued, until replaced by the modern vernacular languages.

It is on this basis that the modern " alphabet " classification schemes are based.

While the bit patterns of the 95 printable ASCII characters are sufficient to exchange information in modern English, most other languages that use the Latin alphabet need additional symbols not covered by ASCII, such as ß ( German ), ñ ( Spanish ), å ( Swedish and other Nordic languages ) and ő ( Hungarian ).

Although modern technology has allowed classicists to view much of the effaced material, plays beginning in letters early in the alphabet have very poor texts ( e. g. the end of Aulularia and start of Bacchides are lost ), plays with letters in the middle of the alphabet have decent texts, while only traces survive of the play Vidularia.

* Turkey switches from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.

Kanji (; ) are the adopted logographic Chinese characters ( hanzi ) that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana ( ひらがな, ), katakana ( カタカナ, ), Hindu numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet.

The Atbash cipher for the modern Hebrew alphabet would be:

The modern Ukrainian alphabet is the result of a number of proposed alphabetic reforms from the 19th and early 20th centuries, in Ukraine under the Russian Empire, in Austrian Galicia, and later in Soviet Ukraine.

As with all single alphabet substitution ciphers, the Caesar cipher is easily broken and in modern practice offers essentially no communication security.