) An authentic diffraction pattern is always obtained and optical properties are frequently checked.

The technique involves using optical lasers to create an interference pattern, which acts as a " lattice ", in which ions or atoms can be placed at very low temperatures.

This monocolored design promotes the fabrication of micrometer-or nanometer-scaled light mills, for it is difficult to pattern materials of distinct optical properties within a very narrow, three-dimensional space.

A diffraction grating is an optical component with a regular pattern.

Some optical keyboards use a special key structure that blocks the light in a certain pattern, allowing only one beam per row of keys ( most commonly a horizontal beam ).

An LED is often small in area ( less than 1 mm < sup > 2 </ sup >), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.

In this case, the interacting beams simultaneously interact in a nonlinear optical material to form a dynamic hologram ( two of the three input beams ), or real-time diffraction pattern, in the material.

Photolithography shares some fundamental principles with photography in that the pattern in the etching resist is created by exposing it to light, either directly ( without using a mask ) or with a projected image using an optical mask.

These pattern sequences are used to measure jitter and eye mask of TX-Data in electrical and optical data links.

For an optical fiber, the effective mode volume is the square of the product of the diameter of the near-field pattern and the sine of the radiation angle of the far-field pattern.

There has been much research on semiconductor optical amplifiers as elements for optical signal processing, wavelength conversion, clock recovery, signal demultiplexing, and pattern recognition.

In the output of a multi-mode optical fiber, a speckle pattern results from a superposition of mode field patterns.

If a photographic plate or another 2-D optical sensor is located within the scattered light field without a lens, a speckle pattern is obtained whose characteristics depend on the geometry of the system and the wavelength of the laser.

When the speckle pattern changes in time, due to changes in the illuminated surface, the phenomenon is known as dynamic speckle, and it can be used to measure activity, as in ( for example ) an optical computer mouse.

Here, the size of the scanning volume is determined by the spot size ( close to diffraction limit ) of the optical system because the image of the scanning laser is not an infinitely small point but a three-dimensional diffraction pattern.

By scanning the microscope's beam in an X-Y pattern and measuring the light emitted with the beam at each point, a map of the optical activity of the specimen can be obtained.

The nonlinear interaction of the optical patterns of lines creates a real and visible pattern of roughly parallel dark and light bands, the moiré pattern, superimposed on the lines.

Secure free-space optical communications have been proposed using a laser N-slit interferometer where the laser signal takes the form of an interferometric pattern.

2a, the optical elements are oriented so that S '< sub > 1 </ sub > and S '< sub > 2 </ sub > are in line with the observer, and the resulting interference pattern consists of circles centered on the normal to M < sub > 1 </ sub > and M '< sub > 2 </ sub >.

For instance, in 2003 the techniques of optical tweezers were applied in the field of cell sorting ; by creating a large optical intensity pattern over the sample area, cells can be sorted by their intrinsic optical characteristics.

However, the leveling operation can be maintained and controlled remotely with no mechanical or optical contact with the platform.

It is clear from this discussion that cosmologists of every persuasion look hopefully toward the day when a man-made satellite can be equipped with optical devices which will open up new vistas to science.

Several other oxidation states are known, which range from + 2 to + 7 and can be identified by their characteristic optical absorption spectra.

As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

The and convention for amino acid configuration refers not to the optical activity of the amino acid itself, but rather to the optical activity of the isomer of glyceraldehyde from which that amino acid can, in theory, be synthesized (- glyceraldehyde is dextrorotary ;-glyceraldehyde is levorotatory ).

Microscopy can be categorized into three different fields: optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy.

These authors proved, however, that no optical system can justify these suppositions, since they are contradictory to the fundamental laws of reflexion and refraction.

When used in such fashion, beacons can be considered a form of optical telegraphy.

* the bandwidth of the output of some light source, e. g., an ASE source or a laser ; the bandwidth of ultrashort optical pulses can be particularly large

* the width of the frequency range that can be transmitted by some element, e. g. an optical fiber

Lastly, mechanical properties of these biopolymers can often be measured using optical tweezers or atomic force microscopy.

Guidance can be mechanical, optical or electromagnetic.

Such particles are normally invisible in an optical microscope, though their presence can be confirmed with the use of an ultramicroscope or an electron microscope.

In addition, phase transitions in colloidal suspensions can be studied in real time using optical techniques, and are analogous to phase transitions in liquids.

Cold atoms in optical lattices are used as " quantum simulators ", that is, they act as controllable systems that can model behavior of more complicated systems, such as frustrated magnets.

Among his results, Gauss showed that under a paraxial approximation an optical system can be characterized by its cardinal points and he derived the Gaussian lens formula.

β-Carotene and lycopene molecules can be encapsulated into carbon nanotubes enhancing the optical properties of carbon nanotubes.

A photodiode can be used in solar cells, in photometry, or in optical communications.

This is why telescopes have very large lenses or mirrors, and why optical microscopes are limited in the detail which they can see.

A movie can be distributed via hard drives, optical disks ( such as DVDs and Blu-ray Discs ), or satellite and projected using a digital projector instead of a conventional film projector.

True single-photon experiments ( in a quantum optical sense ) can be done today in undergraduate-level labs.

Erbium-doped glasses or crystals can be used as optical amplification media, where erbium ( III ) ions are optically pumped at around 980 nm or 1480 nm and then radiate light at 1530 nm in stimulated emission.

Alternatively, the image can be photographically recorded by exposing a photographic film or plate directly to the electron beam, or a high-resolution phosphor may be coupled by means of a lens optical system or a fibre optic light-guide to the sensor of a CCD ( charge-coupled device ) camera.