By 1957, the eight plutonium production reactors at Hanford dumped a daily average of 50, 000 curies of radioactive material into the Columbia.

This pattern of artificial production and later natural discovery has been repeated with several other radioactive naturally-occurring rare elements.

The production and formation of these radioactive atoms into an ionic beam for study is an entire field of research carried out at many laboratories throughout the world.

The weapons production reactors were decommissioned at the end of the Cold War, but the decades of manufacturing left behind of high-level radioactive waste ( tank waste ); an additional of solid radioactive waste, most of it buried ; of contaminated groundwater beneath the site, with the potential to leach into the Columbia ; and occasional discoveries of undocumented contaminations that slow the pace and raise the cost of cleanup.

This is because < sup > 238 </ sup > U is much more stable than < sup > 235 </ sup > U or < sup > 234 </ sup > U, as the half-life of each isotope reveals: 4. 468 × 10 < sup > 9 </ sup > years for < sup > 238 </ sup > U compared to 7. 038 × 10 < sup > 8 </ sup > years for < sup > 235 </ sup > U and 245, 500 years for < sup > 234 </ sup > U. However, the natural abundance of a given isotope is also affected by the probability of its creation in nucleosynthesis ( as in the case of samarium ; radioactive < sup > 147 </ sup > Sm and < sup > 148 </ sup > Sm are much more abundant than stable < sup > 144 </ sup > Sm ) and by production of a given isotope by natural radioactive isotopes ( as in the case of radiogenic isotopes of lead ).

Its responsibilities include the nation's nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production for the United States Navy, energy conservation, energy-related research, radioactive waste disposal, and domestic energy production.

The Department of Energy ( DOE ) estimates that it has over 100 million U. S. gallons of highly radioactive waste and of spent fuel from the production of nuclear weapons and from research activities in temporary storage.

However, if the gas from the primary coolant can be made radioactive by the neutrons in the reactor, or a fuel defect could still contaminate the power production equipment, it may be brought instead to a heat exchanger where it heats another gas or produces steam.

The highest rate of carbon-14 production takes place at altitudes of 9 to 15 km ( 30, 000 to 50, 000 ft ) and at high geomagnetic latitudes, but the carbon-14 readily mixes and becomes evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere and reacts with oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide.

With declining interest in thorium as a potential nuclear fuel in the 1960s and increased concern over the disposal of the radioactive daughter products of thorium, bastnäsite came to displace monazite in the production of lanthanides due to its much lower thorium content.

Nuclear energy production is associated with potentially dangerous radioactive contamination as it relies upon unstable elements.

It includes the study of the production and use of radioactive sources for a range of processes.

* systematic scrutiny of patterns of production — particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals

In natural gas exploration and production, radioactive tracers are used in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing, a technique used to release natural gas ( including shale gas, tight gas and coal seam gas ), or other substances for extraction.

Today the Russian federal nuclear center is responsible for important decisions concerning the development, production, storage, and utilization of nuclear weapons ; the recycling of radioactive and other materials ; and research in fundamental and applied physics.

The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, or WIPP, is the world's third deep geological repository ( after closure of Germany's Repository for radioactive waste Morsleben and the Schacht Asse II Salt Mine ) licensed to permanently dispose of transuranic radioactive waste for 10, 000 years that is left from the research and production of nuclear weapons.

This group focuses on the production of radioactive isotopes for use by Nordion, a global life sciences company that provides products and services that are used in the development of drugs and diagnosis and treatment of disease.

In the ISAC-I facility, 500 MeV protons at up to 100 μA can be steered onto one of two production targets to produce radioactive isotopes.

Scale is a by-product of oil production, and because of the radioactivity found in the rocks from which the oil is extracted, is considered to be low-level radioactive waste.

So tight was helium-4 binding that helium-4 production consumed nearly all of the free neutrons in a few minutes, before they could beta-decay, and also leaving few to form heavier atoms such as lithium, beryllium, or boron.

Peroxisomes in plant cells are involved in photorespiration ( the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide ) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation ( the breaking apart of diatomic nitrogen ( N < sub > 2 </ sub >) to reactive nitrogen atoms ).

However, they are expected to be extremely ( and perhaps prohibitively ) expensive due to current production abilities being only able to produce small numbers of atoms, a scale approximately 10 < sup > 23 </ sup > times smaller than needed for a 10-gram trip to mars.

The process of the gamma rays knocking electrons out of the atoms in the mid-stratosphere causes this region of the atmosphere to become an electrical conductor due to ionization, a process which blocks the production of further electromagnetic signals and causes the field strength to saturate at about 50, 000 volts per metre.

The reaction was repeated again in 2006 with two long production runs but no further atoms were detected.

The production of line spectra by the atoms of an element indicate that an atom can radiate only a certain amount of energy.

This led to the original idea for the production of p-nuclei: free protons ( the nuclei of hydrogen atoms are present in stellar plasmas ) should be captured on heavy nuclei ( seed nuclei ) also already present in the stellar plasma ( previously produced in the s-and / or r-process ).

Keely announced that he had discovered a principle for power production based on the musical vibrations of tuning forks and that music could resonate with atoms or with the aether.

So tight was the binding of the nucleons in helium-4, its production consumed nearly all of the free neutrons in just a few minutes, before they could beta-decay, and left very few to form heavier atoms ( i. e. lithium, beryllium, and boron ).

A year later, working with Eugene Gardner at UC Berkeley, Lattes was able to detect the artificial production of pions in the lab's cyclotron, by bombarding carbon atoms with alpha particles.

The internal energy of the cubic polytype is slightly lower than that of the hexagonal form and growth rates from molten material in both natural and bulk synthetic diamond production methods are slow enough that the lattice structure has time to grow in the lowest energy ( cubic ) form that is possible for sp < sup > 3 </ sup > bonding of carbon atoms.

When a diatomic element is converted to gaseous atoms, only half a mole of molecules will be needed, as the standard enthalpy change is based purely on the production of one mole of gaseous atoms.

Helion also hoped that America's mastery of technology and industrial efficiency would be accompanied by the production of new and beautiful art works.

That spring Welcome To Our City was selected for production by the 47 Workshop and it was staged in the middle of May.

In describing it to Professor Baker after it had been chosen for production, he defended his great array of characters by declaring that he had included that many not because `` I didn't know how to save paint '', but because the play required them.

Both abolition of war and new techniques of production, particularly robot factories, greatly increase the world's wealth, a situation described in the following passage, which has the true utopian ring: `` Everything was so cheap that the necessities of life were free, provided as a public service by the community, as roads, water, street lighting and drainage had once been.

Mr. Freeman said that in many of the countries he visited on a recent world trade trip people were more awed by America's capacity to produce food surpluses than by our industrial production -- or even by the Soviet's successes in space.

Funds contributed by the Government are repaid by a royalty on production from the property.

The fact that sticks out in this voluminous record is that the bulk of Du Pont's production has always supplied the largest part of the requirements of the one customer in the automobile industry connected to Du Pont by a stock interest.

Because the bobbin-to-cone winding process is a relatively high-cost operation for the mill, the almost complete automation provided by the Uniconer can mean important economies in textile production, at the same time upgrading quality.

The problem of efficient production in textiles is complicated by the fact that the industry serves large markets which shift quickly with changes of fashion in apparel or home decoration.

For the 1960-1961 season, The Carleton Players have announced Blood Wedding by Federico Garcia Lorca, The Knight Of The Burning Pestle by Beaumont and Fletcher and A Moon For The Misbegotten by Eugene O'Neill, with a pre-season production of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams.

Milk production may be increased by the anti-infective properties of this drug.

Milk production may be increased by the anti-infective properties of this drug.

Of interest is a recent announcement by Du Pont's Polychemicals Dept. of a new methyl methacrylate monomer designated as Monocite H 100, which was developed specifically for production of cast acrylic sheets for the sign and lighting industry.

It is the exploitation of the inherent potential of infectious disease agents by scientific research and development, resulting in the production of BW weapons systems.

by 1965, production may range from 200 to 350 million lb. for flexible and from 115 to 150 million lb. for rigid.

A part-time farmer needs unusual skill to get as high production per hen, per cow, or per acre as can be obtained by a competent full-time farmer.

He cited, as an example, how the American camera industry has been able to meet successfully the competition of Japan despite lower Japanese labor costs, by improving its production know-how and technology.

The production, designed by Simon Virsaladze, was completely traditional but traditional in the right way.

The Bayreuth Festival opens July 23 with a new production of `` Tannhaeuser '' staged by Wieland Wagner, who is doing all the operas this time, and conducted by Wolfgang Sawallisch.