Because this range of non-zero amplitude may be very broad or infinite, this definition is typically relaxed so that the bandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies in which the signal's spectral density is above a certain threshold relative to its maximum.

Examples of such properties are structure ( i. e. the expected positions of the constituent atoms ), absolute and relative ( interaction ) energies, electronic charge distributions, dipoles and higher multipole moments, vibrational frequencies, reactivity or other spectroscopic quantities, and cross sections for collision with other particles.

One takes probability as ' a degree of rational belief ', or some similar idea ... the second defines probability in terms of frequencies of occurrence of events, or by relative proportions in ' populations ' or ' collectives '; ( p. 101 )

A histogram may also be normalized displaying relative frequencies.

Contrary to common belief, inbreeding does not in itself alter allele frequencies, but rather increases the relative proportion of homozygotes to heterozygotes.

But if only a finite number of repetitions of the process are performed, different relative frequencies will appear in different series of trials.

If these relative frequencies are to define the probability, the probability will be slightly different every time it is measured.

Propensities, or chances, are not relative frequencies, but purported causes of the observed stable relative frequencies.

Frequentists are unable to take this approach, since relative frequencies do not exist for single tosses of a coin, but only for large ensembles or collectives.

In addition to explaining the emergence of stable relative frequencies, the idea of propensity is motivated by the desire to make sense of single-case probability attributions in quantum mechanics, such as the probability of decay of a particular atom at a particular time.

They differ by AM or FM sound modulation, signal polarization, relative frequencies within the channel, bandwidth, etc.

Hintikka was motivated to find a Bayesian approach to the paradox which did not make use of knowledge about the relative frequencies of ravens and black things.

Arguments concerning relative frequencies, he contends, cannot always account for the perceived irrelevance of evidence consisting of observations of objects of type A for the purposes of learning about objects of type not-A.

Hintikka's example is: "... a generalization like ' no material bodies are infinitely divisible ' seems to be completely unaffected by questions concerning immaterial entities, independently of what one thinks of the relative frequencies of material and immaterial entities in one's universe of discourse.

Rather, a musical note composed of many harmonically related frequencies is perceived as one sound, the quality, or timbre of that sound being a result of the relative strengths of the individual harmonic frequencies.

The limiting frequencies of a passband are defined as those at which the relative intensity or power decreases to a specified fraction of the maximum intensity or power.

Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum are known as the system's resonant frequencies, or resonance frequencies.

Examples of ternary signals are ( a ) a pulse that can have a positive, zero, or negative voltage value at any given instant ( PAM-3 ), ( b ) a sine wave that can assume phases of 0 °, 120 °, or 240 ° relative to a clock pulse ( 3-PSK ), and ( c ) a carrier wave that can assume any one of three different frequencies depending on three different modulation signal significant conditions ( 3-FM ).

The selection performed by nature is done in such a way that if the experiment were to be repeated an infinite number of times, the relative frequencies of occurrence of each of the events would coincide with the probabilities prescribed by the function P.

Law and economics applies microeconomic principles to the selection and enforcement of competing legal regimes and their relative efficiencies.

Although horses and riders are competing against each other, tests are completed by one horse and rider combination at a time, and horses and riders are judged against a common standard, rather than having their performance scored relative to the other competitors.

The film attracted controversy, with competing claims made about its relative historical accuracy.

Efficeon's computational performance relative to mobile CPUs like the Intel Pentium M is thought to be lower, although little appears to be published about the relative performance of these competing processors.

The essential problem of biomagnetism is thus the weakness of the signal relative to the sensitivity of the detectors, and to the competing environmental noise.

Re-positioning involves changing the identity of a product, relative to the identity of competing products.

De-positioning involves attempting to change the identity of competing products, relative to the identity of your own product.

Another goal might be to just find the best alternative or to determine the relative total priority of each alternative ( for instance, if alternatives represent projects competing for funds ) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously.

Another competing view is that the saw functions at its best when the angle of the blade teeth arc relative to the top surface of the workpiece is as extreme as possible.

In order to calculate the probability of Clark's innocence, the jury needed to weigh up the relative likelihood of the two competing explanations for the children's deaths.

The 914's success was not only due to its relative ease of use, its design ( that, unlike competing copiers, carried no risk of damage to the original ), and its low operating costs compared to other machines that required special paper ; Haloid Xerox's decision to rent the 914 — at the price of $ 25 per month, plus the cost of copies at four cents each with a minimum of $ 49 per month — made it vastly more affordable than a similar competing copier.

One account says that the only prizes awarded by the executive committee were bronze medals, in recognition of " some independent and essential excellence in the article displayed ," rather than " merely to indicate the relative merits of competing exhibits.

Efficeon's computational performance relative to mobile CPUs like the Intel Pentium M is thought to be lower, although little appears to be published about the relative performance of these competing processors.

These third-party certified LCA-based labels provide an increasingly important basis for assessing the relative environmental merits of competing products.

The tanks are filled with an initial amount of water determined by the relative scores of the competing teams.

Van Valen thought that even in a stable environment, competing species had to constantly adapt to maintain their relative standing.

With particular relevance to customer satisfaction the relative price and quality of goods and services produced or sold through a company alongside customer service generally determine the amount of sales relative to that of competing companies.

To aid the farmer in determining the relative value of competing agricultural liming materials, the agricultural extension services of several universities use two rating systems.

The priority date is generally associated with the date that water was first put to beneficial use, or the date that a successful application for a water right was submitted, and indicates the relative status of seniority among competing users.

The show features obese people competing to win a cash prize by losing the highest percentage of weight relative to their initial weight.

Thomas also presents a simple equation for deriving an index of persistence, which weights not only the number of stems ( ' roots ' ) per meaning, but their relative frequency.

The idea that nothing is real except in the mind of the individual finds its roots in the Greek Sophists, who argued that since nothing can be perceived except through the senses — and since all individuals sense, and therefore perceive, things differently — there is no absolute truth, only relative truth.

Mannheim posits the " danger of relativism ", in which historical process yields cultural product ; " if thought to be relative to a historical period, it may be unavailable to a historical period " In this period he turned from philosophy to sociology, inquiring into the roots of culture.

Though very close to its roots, US power metal ( often abbreviated USPM ) is often faster and more energetic than traditional heavy metal, with a more riff-driven approach than its later European counterpart and with a relative lack of keyboards, but more melodic and often with a higher emphasis on guitar leads than thrash.

In other words, the relative rates of effusion of two gases at the same temperature and pressure are given by the inverse ratio of the square roots of the masses of the gas particles.

The roots and base of Chiac are Acadian French, a spoken French often tinged with nautical terms ( e. g. haler, embarquer ), reflecting the historic importance of the sea to the local economy, as well as older French words ( e. g., bailler, quérir, hucher, gosier ), many deemed archaic by the Académie Française, testimony to three centuries of relative isolation of Acadian communities from French influence.

“… all ideas and values have their roots in experience ,… they can be held separate at any point and developed directly on the grounds of function and use, both that they in fact remain relative to the condition of both our subjective and objective being .”

Because of the relative hardiness of Poncirus, citrus grafted onto it are usually hardier than when grown on their own roots.

Because the vine, like its relative Boston ivy, adheres to the surface by disks rather than penetrating roots, it will not harm the masonry but will keep a building cooler by shading the wall surface during the summer, saving money on air conditioning.

This program features an actual ninja master from a historically known ninja clan preparing his son, daughter, and youngest child, along with a family relative and a police officer with ninja roots to combat the re-emergence of a centuries-old demon samurai, his evil offspring, and a host of international ninja warriors from around the world hoping to tip the scales of justice.

It focused on the deep roots of black poverty in America and concluded controversially that the relative absence of nuclear families ( those having both a father and mother present ) would greatly hinder further progress toward economic and political equality.

Though having the same roots as the western Kindred ( traditional vampires ) and being afflicted with the same curse, the Laibon have existed in relative isolation from the western Kindred for an extended period, and have become distinct in a variety of ways.

A common example is plant roots growing in humid air bending toward a higher relative humidity level.

Most of them, however, are actually lexical roots, in that they can be used as independent words and their relative order in a compound is determined by semantics, not grammar.

The most common arguments in favour of a relationship between Indo-European and Uralic are based on seemingly common elements of morphology, such as the pronominal roots (* m-for first person ; * t-for second person ; * i-for third person ), case markings ( accusative *- m ; ablative / partitive *- ta ), interrogative / relative pronouns (* kʷ-' who ?, which?

A. L. Waddell about the relative costs of suspension and cantilever bridges continued a debate with roots in the Quebec Bridge collapse.

* The amount of crop biomass and the relative distribution of biomass over leafs, stems, roots and storage organs determines the respiration rate.