The official nuclear policy of the United States was one of " massive retaliation ", as coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, which called for massive attack against the Soviet Union if they were to invade Europe, regardless of whether it was a conventional or a nuclear attack.

Eisenhower's officials were not sure as to whether Castro was a communist, but hostile toward the Cubans ' efforts to decrease their economic reliance on the United States.

The only remaining issue was whether the plaintiffs had a copyright in the underlying work, Eisenhower's book Crusade in Europe.

The specific procedures for appealing, including even whether there is a right of appeal from a particular type of decision, can vary greatly from country to country.

There are two types of allophones, based on whether a phoneme must be pronounced using a specific allophone in a specific situation, or whether the speaker has freedom to ( unconsciously ) choose which allophone he or she will use.

It cannot be claimed, beyond all doubt, whether any or all of these specific allegations were true, but Rubenstein suggests that Athanasius employed a level of force when it suited his cause or personal interests.

These sheets are rolled at specific and discrete (" chiral ") angles, and the combination of the rolling angle and radius decides the nanotube properties ; for example, whether the individual nanotube shell is a metal or semiconductor.

The Buddha described conventions — whether linguistic, social, political, moral, ethical, or even religious — as arising dependent on specific conditions.

Lexical items that describe concepts in specific fields are usually called terms instead of words, although there is no consensus whether lexicology and terminology are two different fields of study.

It is particularly commonly employed in issues of law where proof of guilt or innocence may be required, or when it must be determined whether a person knew a particular fact before taking a specific action ( e. g., whether an action was premeditated ).

Some theologians, within the Roman Catholic Church and elsewhere, question whether all such consecrations have effect, on the grounds that an ordination is for service within a specific Christian church.

Much of the controversy and dispute concerning the authenticity of the Gospel of Barnabas can be re-expressed as debating whether specific highly transgressive themes ( from an orthodox Christian perspective ) might already have been present in the source materials utilised by a 14th – 16th century vernacular author, whether they might be due to that author himself, or whether they might even have been interpolated by the subsequent editor.

However no specific conclusions can be made regarding whether material that is sulfur-free enters the bacterial cell after phage adsorption.

However, whether a specific meteoroid trail will be primarily composed of small or large particles, and thus the relative brightness of the meteors, was not understood.

This approach builds upon locus of control, but extends it by stating we also need to consider whether people attribute to stable causes or variable causes, and to global causes or specific causes.

The discussion revolved around a specific manual refactoring performed by one engineer, and the question to whether or not automated tools for such refactoring exist.

The U. S. Supreme Court has instructed federal courts to follow the continuity-plus-relationship test in order to determine whether the facts of a specific case give rise to an established pattern.

In their first experiment, they investigated whether it was easier for speakers of English to remember color shades for which they had a specific name than to remember colors that were not as easily definable by words.

Unlike an ordinary statute of limitations, which begins running upon accrual of the claim, the period contained in a statute of repose begins when a specific event occurs, regardless of whether a cause of action has accrued or whether any injury has resulted.

Golden Gate Cetacean Research, a non-profit organization focused on research on cetaceans, has developed a photo-identification database enabling the scientists to identify specific porpoise individuals and is trying to ascertain whether a healthier bay has brought their return.

Similarly, God is the general name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, whose specific name is Krishna ", " Therefore ", he writes, " whether you call God ' Christ ', ' Krsta ', or ' Krishna ', ultimately you are addressing the same Supreme Personality of Godhead.

" The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence reviewed the NSA's actions to determine whether there had been any improper involvement.

He slowed down his actions, such as the decision whether to jump or not, you can see the decision in his face, a psychological dissection for the audience.

Ecuador shares U. S. concern over increasing narcotrafficking and international terrorism and has energetically condemned terrorist actions, whether directed against government officials or private citizens.

In this judgment, the gods compared the actions of the deceased while alive ( symbolized by the heart ) to Ma ' at, to determine whether he or she had behaved in accordance with Ma ' at.

Critics, such as political economist Karl Polanyi, question whether a spontaneously ordered market can exist, completely free of " distortions " of political policy ; claiming that even the ostensibly freest markets require a state to exercise coercive power in some areas-to enforce contracts, to govern the formation of labor unions, to spell out the rights and obligations of corporations, to shape who has standing to bring legal actions, to define what constitutes an unacceptable conflict of interest, etc.

This idea is linked to another rabbinic teaching, that men's good and bad actions are rewarded and punished not in this life but after death, whether immediately or at the subsequent resurrection.

Modern historians remain divided as to whether John suffered from a case of " royal schizophrenia " in his approach to government, or if his actions merely reflected the complex model of Angevin kingship in the early 13th century.

The Virginia Resolution of 1798 also relied on the compact theory and asserted that the states have the right to determine whether actions of the federal government exceed constitutional limits.

In recent years, the debate surrounding the nativist position has centered on whether the inborn capabilities are language-specific or domain-general, such as those that enable the infant to visually make sense of the world in terms of objects and actions.

The problem of free will is the problem of whether rational agents exercise control over their own actions and decisions.

Whether in fact a person's actions promote and fulfill his own life or not is a question of fact, as it is with all other organisms, but whether a person will act to promote his well-being is up to him, not hard-wired into his physiology.

" Since the creation of faith is exclusively God's work, it does not depend on the actions of the one baptized, whether infant or adult.

Aristotle also identifies three different types or genres of civic rhetoric: forensic ( also known as judicial, was concerned with determining truth or falsity of events that took place in the past, issues of guilt ), deliberative ( also known as political, was concerned with determining whether or not particular actions should or should not be taken in the future ), and epideictic ( also known as ceremonial, was concerned with praise and blame, values, right and wrong, demonstrating beauty and skill in the present ).

The experiment presented the opportunity to steal money, donate to charity, or neither, and tested whether the rate of each choice was influenced by watching similar actions in the ending of a specially crafted episode of the popular series Medical Center.

There have been numerous complaints about the legality of the government's actions and, in particular, whether the ruling of the judge was unfair given his party affiliations and the highly politicized nature of the case.

However, rather than being directly invasive and inflammatory, it seems to cause local infection, but then its other actions are via toxins: whether affecting kidneys in post strep glomerulonephritis, heart valves in rheumatic fever, the scarlet skin of scarlet fever or dissolving tissue in necrotizing fasciitis.

A huge issue in the EU is whether to follow the U. S. approach of private damages actions to prevent anti-competitive conduct.

" Under this definition, any increase in wealth — whether through wages, benefits, bonuses, sale of stock or other property at a profit, bets won, lucky finds, awards of punitive damages in a lawsuit, qui tam actions — are all within the definition of income, unless the Congress makes a specific exemption, as it has for items such as life insurance proceeds received by reason of the death of the insured party, gifts, bequests, devises and inheritances, and certain scholarships.

The Council also determines whether actions of local churches, annual conferences, church agencies, and bishops are in accordance with church law.

It is unknown whether they were accidents or the result of actions by Guthrie's mother Nora, who was afflicted with Huntington's disease, although the family did not know this at the time.

It is said that samsara is a circle because we turn round and round, taking rebirth in one after another of the six realms as a result of our own actions, which, whether positive or negative, are tainted by clinging.

However, while it is now permissible to question particular actions of Mao and to talk about excesses taken in the name of Maoism, there is a prohibition in China on either publicly questioning the validity of Maoism or questioning whether the current actions of the CPC are " Maoist.

In ethics, it may hold implications for whether individuals can be held morally accountable for their actions.

Incompatibilism is the position that free will and determinism are logically incompatible, and that the major question regarding whether or not people have free will is thus whether or not their actions are determined.