The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, the experimental use of the first usable predecessor of the machine gun and of trench warfare around Petersburg, all foreshadowed World War I in Europe.

In eastern Europe, Russia, and out onto the steppes, cavalry remained important much longer and dominated the scene of warfare until the early 17th century and even beyond, as the strategic mobility of cavalry was crucial for the semi-nomadic pastoralist lives that many steppe cultures led.

Historically, crossbows played a significant role in the warfare of East Asia, Europe and the Mediterranean.

When populations were quickly decreased by causes such as the Black Death or devastating warfare ( for example, Genghis Khan's Mongol hordes in eastern and central Europe, Thirty Years ' War in Germany ), this could lead to settlements being abandoned.

In February 1793 a major war broke out between conservative Great Britain and its allies and revolutionary France, launching an era of large-scale warfare that engulfed Europe until 1815.

In an era characterized by almost endless warfare, he led his armies as king from 1611 ( at age 17 ) until his death in battle in 1632 while leading a charge — as Sweden rose from the status of a mere regional power and run-of-the-mill kingdom to one of the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era government.

The mainstream scholarly consensus is that gunpowder was invented in China, spread through the Middle East, and then into Europe, although there is a dispute over how much the Chinese advancements in gunpowder warfare influenced later advancements in the Middle East and Europe.

Shah Jahan also countered the British and other Europeans in his province of Gujarāt, which supplied Europe saltpeter for use in gunpowder warfare during the 17th century.

This view has been rejected since, as saltpeter does not appear to have been used in warfare in Europe or the Middle East before the 13th century, and is totally absent from the accounts of the Arabs, the foremost chemists of the Mediterranean world, before the same period.

Being a surprisingly tolerant and pluralistic society, even its army incorporated Jews, Christians, Muslims and Pagans at a time when religious warfare was the order of the day around the Mediterranean and in Western Europe.

Higher education had to be undertaken at one of the universities in Europe ; the development of a university was impossible in the culture of crusader Jerusalem, where warfare was far more important than philosophy or theology.

In Europe, technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery.

Perhaps the most important technological advancement for medieval warfare in Europe was the invention of the stirrup.

The waters surrounding Europe can be grouped into two types which affected the design of craft that travelled and therefore the warfare.

Natural trading and diplomatic links between Scandinavia and Continental Europe ensured that the Scandinavians kept up to date with continental developments in warfare.

Boniface IX was a frank politician, strapped for cash like the other princes of Europe, as the costs of modern warfare rose and supporters needed to be encouraged by gifts, for fourteenth-century government depended upon such personal support as a temporal ruler could gather and retain.

* Roman engineering skills were second to none in ancient Europe, and their mastery of both offensive and defensive siege warfare, specifically the construction and investiture of fortifications, was another major advantage for the Roman legions.

During the Renaissance and the Early Modern period, siege warfare dominated the conduct of war in Europe.

Siege warfare dominated in Western Europe for most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Scandinavian ( Norse ) Vikings explored Europe by its oceans and rivers through trade and warfare.

Many runestones in Scandinavia record the names of participants in Viking expeditions, such as the Kjula runestone which tells of extensive warfare in Western Europe and the Turinge Runestone which tells of a warband in Eastern Europe.

The Siege of Sarajevo ( 1992 – 1995 ) marked the most violent urban warfare in Europe since World War II at that time as Serb forces bombard and attack Bosniak controlled and populated areas of the city.

Mines need to be recognized as a major element in anti-submarine warfare employment, extended to deep water, and have their effective area per unit increased.

The depth of the battlefield has also increased in modern warfare with inclusion of the supporting units in the rear areas ; supply, artillery, medical personnel etc.

For siege warfare the size of crossbows was further increased to hurl large projectiles such as rocks at fortifications.

The onset of trench warfare after the first few months of World War I greatly increased the demand for howitzers, as they were more suited at hitting targets in trenches.

The fragmentary nature of Ancient Greece, with many competing city-states, increased the frequency of conflict, but conversely limited the scale of warfare.

Villages built on defensive bluffs indicate increased warfare, leading to food gathering in communal groups rather than individual hunting for protection.

Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms.

Its combat activity was low until 1943 as the army was avoiding suicidal warfare and preserved its very limited resources for later conflicts that sharply increased when the Nazi war machine started to crumble in the wake of the successes of the Red Army in the Eastern Front.

The industrial revolution led to the increasing mechanisation of warfare, as well as rapid advances in the development of firearms ; the increased potential of devastation ( which was seen in the battlefields of World War I ) led to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia calling together the leaders of 26 nations for the First Hague Conference in 1899.

After the 11 September 2001 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks, an increased fear of non-conventional weapons and asymmetrical warfare took hold of the United States and other Western powers.

The period of the Cold War saw increased interest in this subgenre, as the threat of nuclear warfare became real.

At least in the Archaic Period, the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece, with many competing city-states, increased the frequency of conflict, but conversely limited the scale of warfare.

Fought between leagues of cities dominated by Athens and Sparta, the increased manpower and financial resources increased the scale, and allowed the diversification of warfare.

Modern flamethrowers were first used during the trench warfare conditions of World War I ; their use greatly increased in World War II.

These moves were significant because McNamara was abandoning President Dwight D. Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation in favor of a flexible response strategy that relied on increased U. S. capacity to conduct limited, non-nuclear warfare.

This finding does not conflict with either of the above theories, since both increased warfare and internal unrest can also be effects of a general period of drought and famine.

A major development in infantry tactics came with the increased use of trench warfare in the 19th and 20th century.

The Coast Guard also increased its Cape May forces for coastal patrol, anti-submarine warfare, air / sea rescue and buoy service.

Introduction of European weapons and the fur trade increased competition and the severity of inter-tribal warfare.

In Scotland James IV's forfeiture of the Lordship of the Isles in 1494 led to an immediate burst of castle building across the region and, over the longer term, an increased degree of clan warfare, while the subsequent wars with England in the 1540s added to the level of insecurity over the rest of the century.

Its fortifications were increased in response to the border warfare which raged between England and Scotland in the period from about 1300 to 1600.

Throughout the 19th century, the developments in Britain were exported across the world, and the various effects upon the working population of warfare and increased mechanization finally finished the open field system off.

The victory at Jemappes greatly increased the confidence of the revolutionary government in Paris, and encouraged their tendency to aggressive warfare.