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Ashkenazi and Hebrew
Abraham ( Hebrew:, Modern:, Greek: Αβραάμ ( Avraam ), Tiberian:, Ashkenazi: Avrohom or Avruhom,
The Book of Ruth (; Sephardic, Israeli Hebrew: ; Ashkenazi Hebrew: ; Biblical Hebrew: Megilath Ruth " the Scroll of Ruth ") is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible, Tanakh, or Old Testament.
* Ashkenazi Hebrew meis ( dead )/ mos ( Death of ___, or Die, as imperative ) and Latin mors ( death ); Sephardi Hebrew mot ( death of ) and Italian morte
Many synagogues in the diaspora, even though Ashkenazi by rite and by ethnic composition, have adopted the " Sephardic " pronunciation in deference to Israeli Hebrew.
** Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation used by Jews of Germany
** Yiddish language – a High-German language with Hebrew and Slavic influence, used by Ashkenazi Jews
Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism, from the — () in Sephardi Hebrew, () in Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish, meaning " piety " ( or " loving kindness "), is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that promotes spirituality through the popularisation and internalisation of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of the Jewish faith.
Tzitzit ( Hebrew: צ ִ יצי ִ ת ) ( Ashkenazi pronunciation: tzitzis ) are special knotted " fringes " or " tassels " found on the four corners of the tallit ( Hebrew: ט ַ ל ִּ ית ) ( Ashkenazi pronunciation: tallis ), or prayer shawl.
Despite this, the tradition of most Ashkenazi Orthodox synagogues is to use Hebrew ( usually Ashkenazi Hebrew ) for all except a small number of prayers, including the Kaddish, which had always been in Aramaic, and sermons and instructions, for which the local language is used.
Food that may be consumed according to halakha ( Jewish law ) is termed kosher in English, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér (), meaning " fit " ( in this context, fit for consumption ).
The culture came to be called Ashkenazi, deriving its name from Ashkenaz (), the medieval Hebrew name for the territory centred on what is now the westernmost part of Germany.
Ashkenaz is the medieval Hebrew word for " Germany ", and is the umbrella term used to describe several Jewish populations, which used to live in Germania during the Middle Ages and until the modern times used to adhere the " Yiddish-culture " and the " Ashkenazi " prayer style.

Ashkenazi and originating
Another custom mentioned in some Ashkenazi sources and probably originating with Meir of Rothenburg, was to dip the karpas in wine.
based on high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K ( mtDNA ), suggested that about 40 % of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women, or " founder lineages ", that were " likely from a Hebrew / Levantine mtDNA pool " originating in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE.
* Musicians who play klezmer, a style of music originating with the Ashkenazi Jews of Central and Eastern Europe
Nusach Ashkenaz is the style of service conducted by Ashkenazi Jews, originating from central and eastern Europe.
In the book, Koestler advances the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people originating in and populating an empire north of and between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea.

Ashkenazi and Central
The language originated in the Ashkenazi culture that developed from about the 10th century in the Rhineland and then spread to Central and Eastern Europe and eventually to other continents.
Brith Sholom Beth Israel is the oldest Orthodox synagogue in the South, founded by Ashkenazi ( German and Central European Jews ) Jews in the mid-19th century.
Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe also came to be called Ashkenazi because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany.
The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry.
It made its way into North American cuisine and English vernacular by way of Slavic and Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe.
The Ashkenazi expellees and their High German Yiddish language left a significant imprint on Eastern Central Europe, in towns like Lviv ( Lemberg ), Lublin, Minsk and Chernivtsi ( Czernowitz ), but also in the Bohemian capital Prague as well as in numerous shtetls.
It can denote nations without a sovereign state, emphasising the non-recognition and exclusion of ethnically-and religiously-defined peoples from the politico-economic world system, e. g. the Romani people worldwide, the Basque, Sami, pre-First World War Ashkenazi Jews in the Pale of Settlement, the Assyrians, and the Kurds in the Middle East, Pashtun throughout Afghanistan and Pakistan, the indigenous peoples of the Americas and First Nations groups throughout North, Central and South America, and indigenous Africans and Asians.
Founded in 1760 as a joint committee of the Sephardi ( Spanish and Portuguese ) and Ashkenazi ( Central and Eastern European ) Jewish communities in London, it has since become a widely recognised forum for the views of the different sectors of the UK Jewish community.
The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews whose ancestors emigrated from Central and Eastern Europe.
A few people received the title of Baal Shem among Eastern and Central European Ashkenazi Jewry.
Yiddish is the Judeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe, and Ladino, also called Judezmo and Muestra Spanyol, is the Judeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who lived in the Iberian peninsula.
Yiddish was historically a common language of Ashkenazi ( Central and Eastern European ) Jews.
As had been the case within the Ashkenazi ( Central and East European Jewish ) cultural environment, Mizrahim bore names that related to their trades and occupations, such as Albaz ( also Elbaz, Elvas meaning falconer ), Aboutboul ( Abitbol, Botbol all meaning drummer, drum maker, or seller ), Hayek and Khayat ( which both mean tailor ), Hakim ( physician, or sage ), Naggar ( carpenter ), Sabbagh ( dyer of cloth ), Sabban ( soap maker ), Sannoua ( labourer ), Sarrouf or assaraf ( money changer ), Shenhav ( also Chenhav, Shenhavy, Chenhavy ) all referring to ivory and mean ivory craftsman or trader.
Yiddish theatre consists of plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish, the language of the Central European Ashkenazi Jewish community.
Since then Israelite populations were always geographically dispersed ( see Jewish diaspora ), so that by the 19th century the Ashkenazi Jews were mainly in Eastern and Central Europe ; the Sephardi Jews were largely spread among various communities in the Mediterranean region ; Mizrahi Jews were primarily spread throughout Western Asia ; and other populations of Jews were in Central Asia, Ethiopia, the Caucasus, and India.
Although there was a high degree of communication and traffic between these communities — many Sephardic exiles blended into the Central European Ashkenazi community following the Spanish Inquisition ; many Ashkenazim migrated to the Ottoman Empire, giving rise to the characteristic Syrian-Jewish family name " Ashkenazi "; Iraqi-Jewish traders formed a distinct Jewish community in India ; many of these populations were cut off to some degree from the surrounding cultures by ghettoization, by Muslim laws of dhimma, and traditional discouragement of contact with polytheistic populations.
The hearty cuisine of Ashkenazi Jews was based on centuries of living in the cold climate of Central and Eastern Europe, whereas the lighter, " sunnier " cuisine of Sephardic Jews was affected by life in the Mediterranean region.

Ashkenazi and Eastern
Over a long time, Jews formed distinct ethnic groups in several different geographic areas — amongst others, the Ashkenazi Jews ( of central and Eastern Europe ), the Sephardi Jews ( of Spain, Portugal, and North Africa ), the Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and the Yemenite Jews from the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula.
For a significant portion of its history, Yiddish was the primary spoken language of the Ashkenazi Jews and once spanned a broad dialect continuum from Western Yiddish to three major groups within Eastern Yiddish, namely Litvish, Poylish and Ukrainish.
Ashkenazi culture later spread into Eastern Europe.
In the Ashkenazi community of Eastern Europe, later religious authorities including the Vilna Gaon ( d. 1797 ) and Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( d. 1812 ) ( The Baal HaTanya ) believed in the authenticity of the Zohar.
To larger degree modern Ashkenazi Jews are the descendants of Jews who migrated into northern France and lower Germany around 800 – 1000 CE, and later migrated also into Eastern Europe.
In 2006, a study by Doron Behar and Karl Skorecki of the Technion and Ramban Medical Center in Haifa, Israel demonstrated that the vast majority of Ashkenazi Jews, both men and women, have Middle Eastern ancestry.
Dr. David Goldstein, a Duke University geneticist and director of the Duke Center for Human Genome Variation, has noted that the Technion and Ramban team confirmed that genetic drift played a major role in shaping Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA, therefore mtDNA studies fail to draw a statistically significant linkage between modern Jews and Middle Eastern populations, however, this differs from the patrilineal case, where Dr. Goldstein said there is no question of a Middle Eastern origin.
The ancestry of most American Jews goes back to Eastern European Ashkenazi Jewish communities, which migrated to US on the course of 19th and 20th centuries, as well as more recent influxes of Persian, Israeli and other Middle Eastern Jews.
One study on Ashkenazi Jews stated " Taken as a whole, our results, along with those from previous studies, support the model of a Middle Eastern origin of the AJ population followed by subsequent admixture with host Europeans or populations more similar to Europeans.
About 1 / 40 individuals of Eastern European ( Ashkenazi ) Jewish ancestry are carriers.
The disease is named after the British ophthalmologist Waren Tay, who in 1881 first described a symptomatic red spot on the retina of the eye, and after the American neurologist Bernard Sachs of Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, who described in 1887 the cellular changes of Tay – Sachs disease and noted an increased disease prevalence in the Eastern European Ashkenazi Jewish population.
Due to cheap housing the East End of London and Stepney has been home to various immigrants who contributed to the culture and history of the area, such as the Huguenots in the 17th century, the Irish in the 18th century, Ashkenazi Jews fleeing pogroms in Eastern Europe towards the end of the 19th century, and the Bangladeshi community settling in the East End from the 1960s.
Since the overwhelming majority of Ashkenazi Jews no longer live in Eastern Europe, the isolation that once favored a distinct religious tradition and culture has vanished.
have suggested that the rest of Ashkenazi mtDNA is originated from ~ 150 women, most of those likely of Middle Eastern origin.
With this reference point, the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as " matches signs of interbreeding or ' admixture ' between Middle Eastern and European populations ".
Between 1880 and the start of World War I in 1914, about two million Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews immigrated from Eastern Europe, where repeated pogroms made life unpredictable.
The state of Jalisco has several cities with large numbers of Anusim, mainly Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán, and Puerto Vallarta, although a steady influx of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe during the late 19th century and early to mid-20th century into Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Veracruz is also widely known.

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