Atheism in the twentieth century found recognition in a wide variety of other, broader philosophies in the Western tradition, such as existentialism, Objectivism, secular humanism, nihilism, logical positivism, Marxism, anarchism, feminism, and the general scientific and rationalist movement.

* Eric T. Brandt, Timothy Larsen, " The Old Atheism Revisited: Robert G. Ingersoll and the Bible ," Journal of The Historical Society, 11, 2 ( 2011 ), 211 – 238.

Raleigh was first named as the centre of " The School of Atheism " by the Jesuit priest Robert Persons in 1592, but " The School of Night " is a modern name ; the theory was launched by Arthur Acheson, on textual grounds, in Shakespeare and the rival Poet ( 1903 ).

The School of Night is a modern name for a group of men centred on Sir Walter Raleigh that was once referred to in 1592 as the " School of Atheism.

During his detention, he wrote his most important works: The Monarchy of Spain ( 1600 ), Political Aphorisms ( 1601 ), Atheismus triumphatus ( Atheism Conquered, 1605 – 1607 ), Quod reminiscetur ( 1606?

Atheism, whether convinced ( overt ) or unconvinced ( tacit ), is integral to the conventionalist reading of civil authority, and thereby of religion in its originally civil valence, a reading against which Strauss argues throughout his volume.

Modern users of the term include George H. Smith in his book Atheism: The Case Against God ( 1980 ), where he argued that divine qualities are inconsistent.

Hellenistic theology, which could be deemed to last until the suppression of the Athenian Academy in 529 by Justinian I, overlaps with early Jewish and early Christian theology ( see below ), and several strands of thought important particularly to early Christian thought arise within Hellenistic circles: attempts to explain the apparent caprice of the gods, Atheism, the development of monotheism, the idea of God as first cause or form of the Good, the dualism of spirit and matter in humanity, and redemption ( the release of the spirit from its material prison to a higher spiritual world ) through knowledge.

In Atheism and the Rejection of God: Contemporary Philosophy and " The Brothers Karamazov " ( 1977 ) and Faith and Ambiguity ( 1984 ), he explored continental thinkers including Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Camus and Weil.

He is the author or editor of a number of books, including Atheism: A Philosophical Justification ( 1989 ), The Case Against Christianity ( 1991 ), Atheism, Morality, and Meaning ( 2002 ), The Impossibility of God ( 2003 ), The Improbability of God ( 2006 ), and The Cambridge Companion to Atheism ( 2006 ).

In addition to literary criticism, Joshi has also edited books on atheism and social relations, including Documents of American Prejudice ( 1999 ), an annotated collection of American racist writings ; In Her Place ( 2006 ), which collects written examples of prejudice against women ; and Atheism: A Reader ( 2000 ), which collects atheistic writings by such people as Antony Flew, George Eliot, Bertrand Russell, Emma Goldman, Gore Vidal and Carl Sagan, among others.

The sūtras also discuss the role of karma and God and critically address the various doctrines associated with Buddhism, Jainism, Yoga, Nyāya, Vaisheshika, Shaiva, Shakta, Atheism, and Sankhya philosophies.

* Wolff, Gary, in The New Atheism, The Church of the Non-Believers reprinted in Wired Magazine, November 2006

Atheism and the introduction of foreign gods were forbidden in Athens and punishable by death.

The situation was worsened when the Heathenism statistics were grouped in with Atheism by the Office for National Statistics.

In the late 1980s the relics were discovered in Leningrad's Museum of Religion and Atheism, and on 16 September 1991 they were solemnly returned to the new Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Our Lord in Belgorod, in the presence of Patriarch Alexy II.

In the 21st century, Richard Dawkins, a prominent member of the New Atheism movement, believes that theology is not a suitable subject for a university because it is not scientific, saying that " a positive case now needs to be made that it has any real content at all, and that it has any place in today's universities.

Atheism, Trinitarian views of God, and polytheism are all ruled out.

* George H. Smith, Atheism, the Case Against God, ISBN 0-87975-124-X

Atheism, Trinitarian views of God, and polytheism are ruled out.

However, unlike Johnson, Hodge confined the term to exclude those like Asa Gray who combined Christian faith with support for Darwin's natural selection theory, before answering the question posed in the book's title by concluding: " It is Atheism.

Dennett is referred to as one of the " Four Horsemen of New Atheism ", along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens.

* 1811 – Percy Bysshe Shelley is expelled from the University of Oxford for publishing the pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism.

Viewed as a religious position, Pantheism has been described as the polar opposite of Atheism.

Others hold that Pantheism is a philosophical position closely related to Atheism.

Atheism is rejection of theism in the broadest sense of theism ; i. e. the rejection of belief that there is even one deity.

* Atheism ( 21. 7 %)

* Hägglund, Martin, Radical Atheism: Derrida and the Time of Life, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.

Atheism was propagated through schools, communist organizations, and the media.

A specially constructed building in the College, the Shelley Memorial, houses a statue by Edward Onslow Ford of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley — a former member of the college, who was expelled for writing The Necessity of Atheism — depicted lying dead on the Italian seashore.

As well as poet Percy Bysshe Shelley ( expelled for writing The Necessity of Atheism ) for whom there is a memorial in college University College alumni include a Poet Laureate Andrew Motion, author of the Narnia books C. S. Lewis and a Nobel Prize for Literature winner, Sir V. S. Naipaul.

Today, Atheism is a crime in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Pakistan and some other Muslim countries.

This notion is central to classical liberalism and individualistic political philosophies such as abolitionism, ethical egoism, rights-based libertarianism, objectivism, and individualist anarchism.

Libertarian theorist Robert LeFevre used " autarchy " and " autarchism " in the sense of self-government to describe his own political philosophy and to distinguish it from anarchism.

An anarcho-capitalist and contractarian, Narveson's form of libertarian anarchism is deeply influenced by the thought of Robert Nozick and David Gauthier.

A well-known critique of free-market anarchism is by Robert Nozick, who argued that a competitive legal system would evolve toward a monopoly government – even without violating individuals rights in the process.

Robert A. Heinlein's novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress ( 1966 ) explores what he calls " rational anarchism.

While Hostile Takeover is an example of libertarian science fiction in the tradition of Robert A. Heinlein and L. Neil Smith, its portrayal of society on the planet Bakunin is arguably much more critical of the basic premise of anarchism than is typical of the genre, coming close to a libertarian dystopia.

His work has appeared in a number of publications, including the anarchist newspaper Freedom, Total Liberty ( the " journal of evolutionary anarchism "), and The Raven, an anarchist journal in which he wrote on the subject of power.

After involvement in the 1990 anti-Poll Tax movement, and having written a number of articles for ' Freedom ' magazine, he first became involved with the UK Green Anarchist magazine in 1990, and published a novel, City-Death, explaining his idea of green anarchism.

Meltzer advocated a more firebrand and proletarian variety of anarchism than Richards and often denounced him and the Freedom collective as " liberals ".

Meltzer advocated a more firebrand and proletarian variety of anarchism and often denounced Richards and the Freedom collective as " liberals ".

Subsequently the San Francisco branch, which had moved away from anarchism and toward Marxism, decided to join the Freedom Road Socialist Organization / Organización Socialista del Camino para la Libertad ( FRSO / OSCL ).