BESK was developed by the Swedish Board for Computing Machinery ( Matematikmaskinnämnden ) a few years after the mechanical relay computer BARK ( Binär Aritmetisk Relä-Kalkylator, Swedish for " Binary Arithmetic Relay Calculator ").

Its history dates back to December 1954, when Saab got a license to build its own copy of BESK, an early Swedish computer design using vacuum tubes, from Matematikmaskinnämnden ( the Swedish governmental board for mathematical machinery ).

Some manufacturers employed Scandinavian seamstresses who had been laid off due to mechanization of the textile industry, for example to replace the memory of the Swedish computer BESK with core memory in 1956.

During the nights Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment ( FRA ) used BESK for cracking encryption of radio messages ( by Per-Erik Persson et al .).

BESK was also used for calculations for the Swedish nuclear energy industry, for example Monte Carlo simulations of neutron spectrum ( by Per-Erik Persson et al.

BARK was developed by Matematikmaskinnämnden ( Swedish Board for Computing Machinery ) a few years before BESK.

Led by Niels Ivar Bech, the group was also given the details of the BESK machine being designed at the Swedish Mathematical Center ( Matematikmaskinnamndens Arbetsgrupp ).

In the end however, it was named so as it fit the pattern of the name BESK, the Swedish computer which provided the initial architecture for DASK.

The DASK was a vacuum tube machine based on the Swedish BESK design.

Drum memory ( bottom ) and core memory ( upper right ) for the BESK computer.

Non-compatible machines highly inspired by BESK were SMIL made for the University of Lund, SAABs räkneautomat SARA, " SAAB's calculating machine ", and DASK made in Denmark.

The first calculations were done on April 1, 1954 and BESK handled weather data for Carl-Gustaf Rossby and the SMHI meteorological agency, statistics for the telecommunications service provider Televerket, wing profiles for the attack aircraft Saab Lansen, and road profiles for the road authority Vägverket.

SARA ( SAABs räkneautomat, SAAB's calculating machine ) was developed by SAAB when the capacity of BESK was insufficient for their needs.

SARA was built using the drawings of BESK that SAAB had bought for a symbolic sum and with the help of people who had worked with BESK, but didn't stay when Matematikmaskinnämnden decided that there would be no second generation.

The technology behind BESK was later continued with the transistorized FACIT EDB and FACIT EDB-3 machines, both software compatible with BESK.

BESK was a 40-bit machine ; it could perform an addition in 56 μs and a multiplication took 350 μs.

BESK contained 2400 " radio tubes " ( vacuum tubes ) and 400 germanium diodes ( so it was partly solid state ).

SAAB rented computer time on the BESK to ( probably, much was secret ) make calculations of the strength of the Saab Lansen attack aircraft.

In the fall of 1955 SAAB thought the capacity was insufficient and started working on SAABs räkneautomat SARA, " SAAB's calculating machine ", which was going to be twice as fast as BESK.

Originally conceived to be a copy of BESK, the rapid advancement in the field allowed improvements to be made during the development such that in the end, it was not a copy of BESK.

During World War II, Rossby organised the training of military meteorologists, recruiting many of them to his Chicago department in the post-war years where he began adapting his mathematical description of atmospheric dynamics to weather forecasting by electronic computer, having started this actitivites in Sweden using BESK.

Originally BESK had a British Williams tube 40 bit memory with 40 cathode tubes, and 8 spare tubes.

BESK control panel.

One spin off effect from the BESK works is still the design of the magnetic Drum memory.

In 1957 Hans Riesel used BESK to discover a Mersenne prime with 969 digits-the largest prime known at the time.

The group decided to build their own version of the BESK to run the bureau, and formed Regnecentralen in October 1955 to complete and run the machine.

BARK ( Binär Aritmetisk Relä-Kalkylator, Swedish for " Binary Arithmetic Relay Calculator ") was an early electromechanical computer.

GIER is an acronym for " Geodaetisk Instituts Elektronisk Regnemaskine " ( Institute of Geodetics Electronic Calculator ) and was introduced there on September 14, 1961.

* Have their birth or baptism registered in a ’ Dansk Elektronisk Kirkebog ( DNK )’ ( Danish electronic church-book ), or

* BESK-Binär Elektronisk Sekvens-Kalkylator-Swedens second computer.

* BESK-Binär Elektronisk Sekvens-Kalkylator-Swedens second computer.

" Elektronisk avantgarde — Stockhausens Gesang der Jünglinge " In En tradition af opbrud: avantgardernes tradition og politik, edited by Tania Ørum, Marianne Ping Huang, and Charlotte Engberg, 192 – 202.

Admirably written, it is a perfect introduction to Swedish history for readers of other countries.

Nobel was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1884, the same institution that would later select laureates for two of the Nobel prizes, and he received an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University in 1893.

The formulation for the literary prize being given for a work " in an ideal direction " ( in Swedish ), is cryptic and has caused much confusion.

* 1951 – Freddie Wadling, Swedish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor ( Leather Nun and Blue for Two )

Modern weapons include the Russian ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Tunguska-M1, South Korean K30 Biho and K263A1 radar-guided Vulcan, Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, Swedish CV9040 AAV, Polish PZA Loara, American M6 Bradley Linebacker and M1097 Humvee Avenger, Yugoslavian BOV-3, Canadian ADATS, aging German Gepard, Japanese Type 87 SPAAG and similar versions with the British Marksman turret ( which was also adapted for a number of other users ), Italian SIDAM 25 and Otomatic, and versions of the French AMX-13.

Celsius conducted many geographical measurements for the Swedish General map, and was one of earliest to note that much of Scandinavia is slowly rising above sea level, a continuous process which has been occurring since the melting of the ice from the latest ice age.

The Swedish Minister for Integration and Gender Equality, Nyamko Sabuni, was born in Burundi.

He also had a fruitful songwriting collaboration with Lasse Berghagen, with whom he wrote several songs and submitted " Hej, Clown " for the 1969 Melodifestivalen-the Swedish Eurovision Song Festival finals.

In 1990, Andersson scored a Swedish # 1 hit with " Lassie ", sung by female cabaret group Ainbusk, for whom he also wrote the Svensktoppen hits " Älska Mig " and " Drömmarnas Golv ".

From the late 1980s, Andersson had worked on an idea for an epic Swedish language musical based on his affection for traditional folk music, and in October 1995, Kristina från Duvemåla premiered in Sweden.

For a compilation album of the Glenmark duo Gemini, Andersson had Björn Ulvaeus write new Swedish lyrics for the re-recording of two old songs ; Ulvaeus also wrote new English lyrics to older Swedish language songs for opera singer Anne Sofie von Otter tribute album " I Let The Music Speak ".

Benny Andersson has written music to several films for screen and television ; the first attempt in the early 1970s for the obscure Swedish movie The Seduction Of Inga: the film flopped, but the ' Björn & Benny ' single " She's My Kind Of Girl " surprised the composers by being released in Japan and becoming a Top 10 hit ( the song renamed in Japan as " The Little Girl Of The Cold Wind ").

In 1987, Andersson wrote music and co-produced the soundtrack with Anders Eljas for the film Mio in the Land of Faraway, based on Swedish author Astrid Lindgrens Mio, my Mio.

Benny Andersson also wrote the film score for the 2012 documentary Palme about Swedish prime minister Olof Palme.

In 2002, Andersson was given an honorary professorship by the Swedish Government for his " ability to create high-class music reaching people around the world ".

In 2007, he was elected a member of Royal Swedish Academy of Music, and in 2008 received an Honorary Doctorate from the Stockholm University Faculty of Humanities for contributing importantly both to the preservation and the growth of the Swedish folk music tradition.

The celebration of deeds of ancient Danish and Swedish heroes, the poem beginning with a tribute to the royal line of Danish kings, but written in the dominant literary dialect of Anglo-Saxon England, for a number of scholars points to the 11th century reign of Canute, the Danish king whose empire included all of these areas, and whose primary place of residence was in England, as the most likely time of the poem's creation, the poem being written as a celebration of the king's heroic royal ancestors, perhaps intended as a form of artistic flattery by one of his English courtiers.

Swedish and Danish chronicles of the 16th century described the events as " black " for the first time, not to describe the late-stage sign of the disease, in which the sufferer's skin would blacken due to subepidermal hemorrhages and the extremities would darken with a form of gangrene, acral necrosis, but more likely to refer to black in the sense of glum or dreadful and to denote the terror and gloom of the events.