In Old Babylonian astronomy, Ea was the ruler of the southernmost quarter of the Sun's path, the " Way of Ea ", corresponding to the period of 45 days on either side of winter solstice.

In the earliest Indian astronomy texts, the year was believed to be 360 days long, similar to that of Babylonian astrology, but the rest of the early astrological system bears little resemblance.

Ptolemy's catalogue is informed by Eudoxus of Cnidus, a Greek astronomer of the 4th century BC who introduced earlier Babylonian astronomy to the Hellenistic culture.

The oldest catalogues of stars and constellations are from Old Babylonian astronomy, beginning in the Middle Bronze Age.

The classical Zodiac is a product of a revision of the Old Babylonian system in later Neo-Babylonian astronomy 6th century BC.

Greek astronomy essentially adopted the older Babylonian system in the Hellenistic era, first introduced to Greece by Eudoxus of Cnidus in the 4th century BC.

During the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Babylonian astronomers developed a new approach to astronomy.

The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the history of astronomy.

Babylonian astronomy served as the basis for much of Greek, classical Indian, Sassanian, Byzantine, Syrian, medieval Islamic, Central Asian, and Western European astronomy.

Logic was employed to some extent in Babylonian astronomy and medicine.

We do not know what these applications may have been, or whether there could have been any ; Babylonian astronomy, for example, truly flowered only later.

Astronomical models of the universe were proposed soon after astronomy began with the Babylonian astronomers, who viewed the universe as a flat disk floating in the ocean, and this forms the premise for early Greek maps like those of Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus.

In Babylonian astronomy, Vega may have been one of the stars named Dilgan, " the Messenger of Light ".

It is known to have been in use by the Roman era, based on concepts inherited by Hellenistic astronomy from Babylonian astronomy of the Chaldean period ( mid-1st millennium BC ), which, in turn, derived from an earlier system of lists of stars along the ecliptic.

The division of the ecliptic into the zodiacal signs originates in Babylonian (" Chaldean ") astronomy during the first half of the 1st millennium BC, likely during Median /" Neo-Babylonian " times ( 7th century BC ),

The Babylonian star catalogs entered Greek astronomy in the 4th century BC, via Eudoxus of Cnidus and others.

* Kidinnu, the Chaldaeans, and Babylonian astronomy

Among the sciences, astronomy and astrology still occupied a conspicuous place in Babylonian society.

Aplu, it is suggested, comes from the Akkadian Aplu Enlil, meaning " the son of Enlil ", a title that was given to the god Nergal, who was linked to Shamash, Babylonian god of the sun.

Aplu, meaning the son of, was a title given to the god Nergal, who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun Shamash.

Anbar was adjacent or identical to the Babylonian Jewish center of Nehardea ( Hebrew: ), and lies a short distance from the present-day town of Fallujah, formerly the Babylonian Jewish center of Pumbeditha ( Hebrew: ).

By 300 BC, a punctuation symbol ( two slanted wedges ) was co-opted as a placeholder in the same Babylonian system.

The Babylonian placeholder was not a true zero because it was not used alone.

It also remained the spoken tongue of the indigenous Assyrian / Babylonian citizens of all Mesopotamia under Persian, Greek and Roman rule, and indeed well into the Arab period it was still the language of the majority, particularly in the north of Mesopotamia, surviving to this day among the Assyrian Christians.

Rav was a descendant of a distinguished Babylonian family which claimed to trace its origin to Shimei, brother of King David ( Sanhedrin 5a ; Ketubot 62b ).

While Judah I was still living, Rav, having been duly ordained as teacher — though not without certain restrictions ( Sanhedrin 5a )— returned to Babylonia, where he at once began a career that was destined to mark an epoch in the development of Babylonian Judaism.

In the Babylonian schools, Rav was rightly referred to as " our great master.

In Mesopotamia, it was linked to the god Enlil, and also known as Shudun, " yoke ", or SHU-PA of unknown derivation in the Three Stars Each Babylonian star catalogues and later MUL. APIN around 1100 BC.

The earliest parts of the book are possibly chapters 2 – 11, the story of the conquest ; more certain is that this section was then incorporated into an early form of Joshua that was part of then original Deuteronomistic history, written late in the reign of king Josiah ( reigned 640 – 609 BCE ); it seems clear that the book was not completed until after the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in 586, and possibly not until after the return from the Babylonian exile late in the 6th century.

The Babylonian Talmud was the first attempt to attach authors to the holy books: each book, according to the authors of the Talmud, was written by a prophet, and each prophet was an eyewitness of the events described, and Joshua himself wrote " the book that bears his name ".

According to the Babylonian Chronicles, published by Donald Wiseman in 1956, it was established that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem the first time on 2 Adar ( 16 March ) 597 BC.

The first, termed Proto-Isaiah ( chapters 1 – 39 ), contains the words of the 8th-century BCE prophet with 7th-century BCE expansions ; the second, Deutero-Isaiah ( chapters 40 – 55 ), is the work of a 6th-century BCE author writing near the end of the Babylonian captivity ; and the third, the poetic Trito-Isaiah ( chapters 56 – 66 ), was composed in Jerusalem shortly after the return from exile, probably by multiple authors.

Rosh Hashanah () is the name of a text of Jewish law originating in the Mishnah which formed the basis of tractates in both the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud of the same name.

Shamash ( the Babylonian sun god ) may share some mythological basis with Shamsiel.

Middle Babylonian Aramaic is the dominant dialect, and it is the basis of the Babylonian Talmud.

However, the Babylonian Chronicles support the enumeration of Zedekiah's reign on a non-accession basis.

The Babylonian estimate for the synodic month was adopted for the greater part of two millennia by Hipparchus, Ptolemy and medieval writers ( and it is still in use as part of the basis for the calculated Hebrew ( Jewish ) calendar ).

In a Hittite text is mentioned that the king invited a Babylonian priestess for a certain " purification ".

It is the belief of Old Babylonian scholars such as Carruccio that Old Babylonians " may have used the abacus for the operations of addition and subtraction ; however, this primitive device proved difficult to use for more complex calculations ".

Other examples of his readiness for both warlike and unwarlike subjects are lyrics celebrating his brother's heroic exploits as a Babylonian mercenary and lyrics sung in a rare meter ( Sapphic Ionic in minore ) in the voice of a distressed girl, " Wretched me, who share in all ills!

* Monuments and records of other contemporary civilizations ; for example, representations of alien peoples in Egyptian frescoes ; imitation of Aegean fabrics and style in non-Aegean lands ; allusions to Mediterranean peoples in Egyptian, Semitic or Babylonian records.

Of special historical interest is the observation of Abbahu in regard to the benediction " Baruk Shem Kebod Malkuto " ( Blessed be the Name of His glorious Kingdom ) after the " Shema ' Yisrael ," that in Palestine, where the Christians look for points of controversy, the words should be recited aloud ( lest the Jews be accused of tampering with the unity of God proclaimed in the Shema '), whereas in the Babylonian city of Nehardea, where there are no Christians, the words are recited with a low voice ( Pesahim 56a ).

Early number systems that included positional notation were not decimal, including the sexagesimal ( base 60 ) system for Babylonian numerals and the vigesimal ( base 20 ) system that defined Maya numerals

# The remainder of 2 Chronicles ( chapters 10 – 36 ) is a chronicle of the kings of Judah to the time of the Babylonian exile, concluding with the call by Cyrus the Great for the exiles to return to their land.

The fragments describe a Babylonian king ( spelled N-b-n-y ) who is afflicted by God with an " evil disease " for a period of seven years ; he is cured and his sins forgiven after the intervention of a Jewish exile who is described as a " diviner "; he issues a written proclamation in praise of the Most High God, and speaks in the first person.

The answers were recorded in the works of the prophets Ezekiel, Jeremiah and Second Isaiah, and in the Deuteronomistic history, the collection of historical works from Joshua to Kings: God had not abandoned Israel ; Israel had abandoned God, and the Babylonian exile was God's punishment for Israel's lack of faith.

Habakkuk addresses his concerns over the fact that God will use the evil Babylonian empire to execute judgment on Judah for their sins.

The early history of the synagogue is obscure, but it seems to be an institution developed for public Jewish worship during the Babylonian captivity when the Jews ( and Jewish Proselytes ) did not have access to a Temple ( the First Temple having been destroyed c. 586 BC ) for ritual sacrifice.

The language used by the Chaldeans was the Babylonian dialect of Akkadian, the same Semitic language, save for slight peculiarities in sound and in characters, as Assyrian Akkadian.

Egyptian and Babylonian armies fought each other for control of the near east throughout much of Nebuchadnezzar's reign, and this encouraged king Zedekiah of Israel to revolt.

According to the Babylonian Talmud, the difference between a concubine and a full wife was that the latter received a marriage contract ( Hebrew: ketubah ) and her marriage ( nissu ' in ) was preceded by a formal betrothal ( erusin ), neither being the case for a concubine.

However, it seems that many of the methods for solving linear and quadratic equations used by Diophantus go back to Babylonian mathematics.

Rava states in the Babylonian Talmud that although Ezekiel describes the appearance of the throne of God ( Merkabah ), this is not because he had seen more than the prophet Isaiah, but rather because the latter was more accustomed to such visions ; for the relation of the two prophets is that of a courtier to a peasant, the latter of whom would always describe a royal court more floridly than the former, to whom such things would be familiar.

Additionally, a set of cuneiform tablets knows as the " musical texts " provide precise tuning instructions for seven scale of a stringed instrument ( assumed to be a Babylonian lyre ).

This text recounts a prophetic dream by Nebuchadnezzar, in which the previous empires had been Babylonian, Persian, Grecian and Roman ; the last empire, they concluded, would be established by the returning Jesus as King of kings and Lord of Lords to reign with his saints on earth for a thousand years.

The Babylonians are also known for the Babylonian mile, which was a measure of distance equal to about seven miles today.

Originally the Babylonian calendar was used by Jews for all daily purposes, but following the conquest of Jerusalem by Pompey in 63 BCE ( see also Iudaea province ), Jews began additionally following the imperial civil calendar, which was decreed in 45 BCE, for civic matters such as the payment of taxes and dealings with government officials.

The Syrian calendar used in the Levant region shares many of the names for months as the Hebrew calendar, such as Nisan, Iyyar, Tammuz, Ab, Elul, Tishri, and Adar, indicating a common Babylonian origin.

The Babylonian conquest entailed not just the destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, but the liquidation of the entire infrastructure which had sustained Judah for centuries.