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Balto-Slavic retained Proto-Indo-European pitch accent, reworking it into the opposition of " acute " ( rising ) and " circumflex " ( falling ) tone, and which, following a period of extensive accentual innovations, yielded pitch-accent based system that has been retained in modern-day Lithuanian and West South Slavic languages ( in some dialects ).
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Balto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Balto-Slavic is reconstructed proto-language descending from Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ) and out of which all later Balto-Slavic languages ( represented by Baltic and Slavic branches ) and dialects descended, such as modern Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish and Russian.
Proto-Indo-European phonological system has exhibited several significant changes in Balto-Slavic period:
Balto-Slavic and accent
Among Balto-Slavic archaisms notable is the retention of free PIE accent ( with many innovations ).
Balto-Slavic and into
Some theories, such as Jānis Endzelīns ' considered that the Baltic languages form their own distinct branch of the family of Indo-European languages, but the most widely accepted opinion is the one that suggests the union of Baltic and Slavic languages into a distinct sub-family of Balto-Slavic languages amongst the Indo-European family of languages.
Supporters of both theories have suggested this region as IE's secondary urheimat, in which the differentiation of proto-IE into the various European language-groups ( e. g. Italic, Germanic, Balto-Slavic, Celtic ) began.
Some linguists, however, have recently suggested that Balto-Slavic should be split into three equidistant nodes: Eastern Baltic, Western Baltic and Slavic.
The Balto-Slavic languages are most often divided into Baltic and Slavic branches.
However, another division was proposed in the 1960s by Vyacheslav Ivanov and Vladimir Toporov: that the Balto-Slavic proto-language split from the start into West Baltic, East Baltic and Proto-Slavic.
Ruki ( or iurk ) refers to a sound change in Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Armenian, and Indo-Iranian, wherein an original phoneme changed into after the consonants,, and the semi-vowels,, or:
* the three PIE laryngeals merged into one (* H ), which may have disappeared even during the Balto-Slavic period
Balto-Slavic and acute
* rise of the Balto-Slavic acute before PIE laryngeals in a closed syllable
Balto-Slavic and which
They show the closest relationship with the Slavic languages, and have, by most scholars, been reconstructed to a common Proto-Balto-Slavic stage, during which Common Balto-Slavic lexical, phonological, morphological and accentological isoglosses are thought to have developed.
Among modern languages, cases still feature prominently in most of the Balto-Slavic languages, with most having six to eight cases, as well as Icelandic, German and Modern Greek, which have four.
From these few references, which are the only surviving evidence apart from place name analysis, it would seem that the Balts Pytheas would have encountered were past the Common Balto-Slavic stage, but still spoke one language, which would have been Proto-Baltic.
Jordanes supports this hypothesis by telling us on the one hand that he was familiar with the Geography of Ptolemy, which includes the entire Balto-Slavic territory in Sarmatia, and on the other that this same region was Scythia.
The Slavic languages are part of the Balto-Slavic group, which belongs to the Indo-European language family.
One particularly innovative dialect separated from the Balto-Slavic dialect continuum and became ancestral to Proto-Slavic language, out of which all other Slavic languages descended.
In their framework, Proto-Slavic is a peripheral and innovative Balto-Slavic dialect which suddenly expanded, due to a conjunction of historical circumstances, and effectively erased all the other Balto-Slavic dialects, except in the marginal areas where Lithuanian, Latvian and Old Prussian developed.
That sudden expansion of Proto-Slavic erased most of the idioms of the Balto-Slavic dialect continuum, which left us today with only two branches: Baltic and Slavic ( or East Baltic, West Baltic, and Slavic in the minority view ).
A number of these, however, fit only in the relative chronology of other otherwise exclusive Balto-Slavic isoglosses, which makes them specific Balto-Slavic innovation.
The phonological changes which set Balto-Slavic apart from other Indo-European languages probably lasted from c. 3000 to 1000 BCE, a period known as common Proto-Balto-Slavic.
links the earliest stages of Balto-Slavic development with the Middle Dnieper culture which connects the Corded Ware and Yamna cultures.
There are a number of words in Balto-Slavic which show Centum reflex of PIE patalalized dorsals.
Reflexes of PIE laryngeals, which represented 3 different phonemes in PIE, became merged in Balto-Slavic to a single */ H /.
cienki ), which shows that the loss of laryngeals in Balto-Slavic occurred after the development of vocalic prothesis in Balto-Slavic syllabic sonorants.
In Lithuanian, Balto-Slavic */ š / and */ ś / are merged to / š /, which remains distinct from / s / so the effect of RUKI rule is still evident in Lithuanian.
Balto-Slavic and following
After the merger of PIE voiced and aspirated stop series, Balto-Slavic system of fricatives had the following shape:
Balto-Slavic and period
This secession of the Balto-Slavic dialect ancestral to Proto-Slavic is estimated on archaeological and glottochronological criteria to have occurred sometime in the period 1500 – 1000 BCE.
A pre-Slavic period began c. 1500 to 1000 BCE, whereby certain phonological changes and linguistic contacts did not disperse evenly through all Balto-Slavic dialects.
Laryngeals disappeared in the Balto-Slavic period over a very long period.
Loss of laryngeals in syllabic position occurred probably in early Balto-Slavic period.
Generally it can be ascertained that Baltic shows the effect of RUKI law only in old words inherited from Balto-Slavic period, meaning that Lithuanian / š / will come after / r /, / u /, / k /, / i / in words that have complete formational and morphological correspondence in Slavic ( ruling out the possibility of accidental, parallel formations ).
Balto-Slavic and innovations
Common Balto-Slavic innovations include several other prominent, but non-exclusive, isoglosses, such as the Satemization, Ruki, change of PIE */ o / to PBSl.
( On the other hand, Germanic, among others, has a class of present-tense verbs derived from PIE perfect / stative verbs, and both Germanic and Balto-Slavic have a class of secondary n-verbs with a clear meaning, derived originally from nu-and / or neH-verbs, so it is possible that many of the Anatolian differences are innovations.
Balto-Slavic and yielded
Unlike Indo-Iranian, where the change */ s / > */ š / also occurred after the palatovelar *//, it is possible that palatovelars yielded fricatives in Balto-Slavic even before the effect of RUKI law.
Balto-Slavic and system
By satemization of PIE dorsals and the merger of PIE laryngeals, Balto-Slavic has significantly modified the system of PIE fricatives.
Balto-Slavic and has
The dative was common among early Indo-European languages and has survived to the present in the Balto-Slavic branch and the Germanic branch, among others.
It has been suggested that the Romans may have used Fenni as a generic name, to denote the various non-Germanic ( i. e. Balto-Slavic and Finno-Ugric ) tribes of NE Europe.
The nature of the relationship of the Balto-Slavic languages has been the subject of much discussion from the very beginning of historical Indo-European linguistics as a scientific discipline.
An association between Balto-Slavic and Germanic has been proposed on the basis of lexical similarities that are unique to these languages.
As a result of Winter's law, the distinction between those two series has been indirectly preserved in Proto-Balto-Slavic, because Balto-Slavic vowel would lengthen before a plain voiced stop, but not before an aspirated stop, this occurring probably only if the stop was in syllable coda ( i. e. in closed syllable ).
On the basis of relative chronology of sound changes it has been ascertained that Winter's law acted rather late, after some other less prominent Balto-Slavic changes occurred, such as after the disappearance of laryngeals in prevocalic position.
No Balto-Slavic language has preserved them, but relative chronology of sound changes shows that they were not lost at once in all positions in a word.
PIE */ s / has been preserved in Balto-Slavic and Proto-Slavic in most of the positions ; it changed to Balto-Slavic */ š / according to the RUKI law, and in Proto-Slavic it was probably lost word-finally.
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