Because the reflected and incident waves propagate in the same medium and make the same angle with the normal to the surface, the amplitude reflection coefficient is related to the reflectance R by

Because it is warm, the surface radiates far IR thermal radiation that consists of wavelengths that are predominantly much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed ( the overlap between the incident solar spectrum and the terrestrial thermal spectrum is small enough to be neglected for most purposes ).

Because the output pulse from a Geiger-Muller tube is always the same magnitude regardless of the energy of the incident radiation, the tube cannot differentiate between certain radiation types.

Because of this incident, numerous new safety regulations are put in place.

Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year.

Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year.

Because the mass-energy and momentum of a system must both be conserved, it is not generally possible for the electron simply to move in the direction of the incident photon.

Because of this documentation, this explosion has become a classic incident studied in fire department training programs worldwide.

Because of this incident, Newton became known as " bloody and lawless — the wickedest city in the west.

Because Napoleon exaggerated this incident in his report of the battle, and the Tsar tacitly accepted the account as an excuse for the catastrophic defeat, the low numbers may be more accurate.

Because Napoleon exaggerated this incident in his report of the battle, the low numbers may be more accurate, although doubt remains as to whether they are fully correct.

Because of this he can survive moments of extreme duress, and demonstrated this ability on numerous occasions ; once by falling 4000 feet, crashing through the concrete into a subway tunnel and subsequently being hit by an oncoming train, surviving without incident (" Evil Sits Down for a Moment ," November 4, 1995 ).

Because little inside information is available to the public on this " Lin Biao incident ", the exact events preceding Lin's death have been a source of speculation among China scholars ever since.

Because the Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement of 1932, signed after the incident, forbade the Chinese from deploying any troops within Shanghai, the Chinese trained its police garrison, whose presence was allowed in the city, in various military tactics unusual for a police force.

Because the couple had locked themselves in a room with a collection of Indian antiquities before the gunshots were heard, the incident appears to be a murder-suicide caused by a sudden fit of madness in the Colonel.

Because of the incident, Sardu decided to discontinue NESticle.

Because of the incident, the QMJHL launched a new anti-discrimination policy that covers everyone involved with the circuit, from team and league officials, to players and fans.

Because of this incident, King named his famous guitar Lucille.

Because the non-resonant RAM dissipates incident radar energy over a larger surface area, it usually results in a trivial increase in surface temperature, thus reducing RCS without an increase in infrared signature.

Because of a strike at the opera, Verrett was unable to perform at the re-scheduled last performance ( this incident is recounted in Verrett's autobiography ), and Bumbry sang both Cassandre and Didon in the same evening.

Because of the fire incident, The Undertaker thought his younger half-brother and Bearer's illegitimate son had been dead for years, that is, until Bearer introduced Kane in October 1997 at In Your House Badd Blood ; during which, Kane would cost The Undertaker a Hell in a Cell match against Shawn Michaels.

Because of the difficulty of interpreting, the INES level of an incident is assigned well after the incident occurs.

Because of the lack of information provided, the emergency workers did not bring adequate supplies of naloxone or naltrexone ( opioid antagonists ) to prevent complications in many of the victims and there were subsequently over 125 confirmed casualities from both respiratory failure and aerosol inhalation during the incident.

Because of these accidents, the various aviation authorities around the world have created set rules and guidance for those running and participating in air displays.

Because Halakha is developed and applied by various halakhic authorities, rather than one sole " official voice ", different individuals and communities may well have different answers to halakhic questions.

Because it rejected original sin and divine Revelation, both Protestant and Catholic authorities took offense.

Because of poorly defined lines of responsibility, administrative conflicts often occur between local and national authorities of Goskompriroda and between Goskompriroda and a second national agency, the Hydrometeorological Administration ( Gidromet ), which is the main monitoring agency for air, water, and soil quality.

Because Chinese viewers often gathered in large groups to watch publicly owned sets, authorities estimated that two-thirds of the nation had access to television.

Because of the huge economic profits that could be had from these fisheries, the local authorities offered incentives to the Sami – faced with their own population pressures – to settle on the newly vacant farms.

Because of this, as well as the more nebulous desires for vindication and the revelation of truths kept hidden by human authorities, Mulder struggles to maintain objectivity in his investigations.

Because of this, he acquired the byname Venerabilis Inceptor, or " Worthy Beginner " ( an inceptor was a student formally admitted to the ranks of teachers by the university authorities ).

Because of the abstract nature of the music — and, arguably, the lack of lyrics — they did not attract censorship from the authorities, unlike many other Western bands.

Because of María Elena's miscarriage, the authorities found it necessary, in the months following, to implement a policy against announcing victims ’ names until after families had first been informed.

Because Muslim authorities refused to permit Jewish prayer on the Temple Mount, the custom developed of praying near the Western Wall, since it was the site nearest to the Foundation Stone, or on the Mount of Olives facing the site of the Temple.

Because Italian authorities did not ask for his extradition he was released.

Because the authorities were required to read the proclamation that referred to the Riot Act before they could enforce it, the expression " to read the Riot Act " entered into common language as a phrase meaning " to reprimand severely ", with the added sense of a stern warning.

Because of Holmes ' worsening condition, Moriarty's threatens to tell the authorities about Holmes ' addiction.

Because they symbolize man's battle against the sea and are relatively rare, provincial authorities designated them " geological monuments " in June 2005.

Because Chambers's fort was otherwise lightly defended, the authorities attempted to remove the cannons to prevent them from being captured by Indians and used against other forts.

Because Chávez was promoted by Don King and Steele had made decisions that had been questioned in other King promoted fights, there was widespread speculation over whether King had somehow bribed Steele, particularly when it came to light that Taylor's trainer Lou Duva had specifically objected to the appointment of Steele and been overruled by the boxing authorities.

" Because of their association with the Circumcellions, they brought upon themselves repression by the imperial authorities, but they drew upon African regional sentiment, while the Catholic party had the support of Rome.

Because Ducal Prussia was ostensibly a Lutheran land, authorities travelled throughout the duchy ensuring that Lutheran teachings were being followed and imposing penalties on pagans and dissidents.

Because the term good governance can be focused on any one form of governance, aid organizations and the authorities of developed countries often will focus the meaning of good governance to a set of requirement that conform to the organizations agenda, making " good governance " imply many different things in many different contexts.

Because of his activity in the movement “ Serbian youth ”, which at that time had many problems with German police authorities, Pupin had to leave Pančevo.

Because coca was one ingredient in the production of cocaine, the U. S. sent their own armed forces into El Chapare in order to aid the Bolivian authorities in halting its production.

Because the federal pardon process is exacting and may be more time-consuming than analogous state procedures, pardon recipients may wish to consult with the appropriate authorities in the state of their residence regarding the procedures for restoring their state civil rights.

Because of the nature of the disaster, and the slow response of authorities to recognize it, no official " death toll " has been determined.