In the late 1700's Beccaria and Van Marum, among others, had magnetized iron by sending an electrostatic charge through it.

The poet's maternal grandfather, Cesare Beccaria, was a well-known author, and his mother Giulia had literary talent as well.

Arthur Koestler has written of Beccaria that " there was perhaps no single humanist since Erasmus of Rotterdam who, without being attached to a definite political or religious movement, had such a deep effect on European thought.

Beccaria had elaborated this original principle in conjunction with Pietro Verri, and greatly influenced Jeremy Bentham to develop it into the full-scale doctrine of Utilitarianism.

The break with the Verri brothers proved lasting ; they were never able to understand why Beccaria had left his position at the peak of success.

The first, Relation de la mort du chevalier de la Barre, par M. Cassen, avocat au conseil du roi, à M. le marquis de Beccaria ( 1766 ), blames Belleval, a neighbor of La Barre's " aunt " ( this account was almost immediately criticized by a local Abbeville printer for numerous inaccuracies ).

As Professor John Bessler points out, " An Essay on Crimes and Punishments ," written by Cesare Beccaria in the 1760s, advocated proportionate punishments.

Cesare Beccaria, an Italian lawyer, published in 1764 " An Essay on Crimes and Punishments ", in which he argued that torture unjustly punished the innocent and should be unnecessary in proving guilt.

The widespread adoption of these authorization-based security strategies ( where the default state is DEFAULT = DENY ) for counterterrorism, anti-fraud, and other purposes is helping accelerate the ongoing transformation of modern societies from a notional Beccarian model of criminal justice based on accountability for deviant actions after they occur, see Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishment ( 1764 ), to a Foucauldian model based on authorization, preemption, and general social compliance through ubiquitous preventative surveillance and control through system constraints, see Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish ( 1975, Alan Sheridan, tr., 1977, 1995 ).

The company is dominated by Fiat Group, and was created on 1 January 1975 by Fiat manager and mechanical engineer Bruno Beccaria ( 1915 – 2001 ) through the merger of five companies operating in Italy, France and Germany ; Fiat Veicoli Industriali ( located in Turin ), Officine Meccaniche ( Brescia ), Lancia Veicoli Speciali ( Bolzano ), Unic ( Trappes ) and Magirus ( Ulm ).

Beccaria was born in Milan on March 15, 1738, and educated in the Jesuit college at Parma.

Modern theories of the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders are broadly based on principles articulated in the seminal pamphlet " On Crimes and Punishments " published by Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria in 1764.

He was influenced by Cesare Beccaria on the reform of justice.

His work in reforming criminal law began with his Thoughts on Executive Justice ( 1786 ), which developed the views of Beccaria.

A 19th century medallion of Paolo Frisi on the facade of Palazzo Beccaria in via Brera street, Milan ( birthplace of Cesare Beccaria ).

Other figures who wrote on it include his brother Alessandro, the famous philosopher Cesare Beccaria, Alfonso Longo and Pietro Secchi.

Italian teachers of mathematics and physics at the Liceo di Beccaria, Milan, they have written extensively on and translated the works of Blessed Alexandrina Maria da Costa.

The philosopher Cesare Beccaria explicitly cited Damiens ' fate when he condemned torture and the death penalty in his classic treatise On Crimes and Punishments ( 1764 ).

For instance, in Thomas Jefferson ’ s " Commonplace Book ," a quote from Cesare Beccaria reads, " laws that forbid the carrying of arms ... disarm only those who are neither inclined nor determined to commit crimes ...

During this time, Beccaria, with the brothers Pietro and Alessandro Verri and a number of other young men from the Milan aristocracy formed a literary society, which was named " L ' Accademia dei pugni " ( the Academy of Fists ), a playful name that made fun of the stuffy academies that proliferated in Italy and also because relaxed conversations that were taking place in there sometimed ending in affrays.

The Verri brothers and Beccaria started an important cultural reformist movement centered around their journal Il Caffè (" The Coffeehouse "), which ran from the summer of 1764 for about two years, and was inspired by Addison and Steele's literary magazine, The Spectator and other such journals.

They owed their existence to the work of Giovanni Beccaria, several notables of the town ( including Taddeo Duni ) and religious refugees from Milan and Piedmont.

He has also received the Via Sapientiae Award ( DePaul University ) in 2009, the Beccaria Medal from the International Society for Social Defence in 2009, the Silvia Sandano Award of the University of Rome in 2008.

The reformer who led in this was the Italian, Cesare Beccaria.

Beccaria emphasised the importance of certainty and of promptness in punishment if it were to be effective as a deterrent and proportionality if it was to be just.

This achievement was the work of the Enlightenment: Beccaria and Voltaire being the leaders.

Cesare Beccaria states that he was largely inspired by Helvétius in his attempt to modify penal laws.

With the Verri brothers, Beccaria traveled to Paris, where he was given a very warm reception by the philosophes.

In November 1768, Beccaria was appointed to the chair of law and economy founded expressly for him at the Palatine college of Milan.

In 1771, Beccaria was made a member of the supreme economic council, and in 1791 he was appointed to the board for the reform of the judicial code, where he made a valuable contribution.

Giovanni Battista Beccaria ( 3 October 1716 – 27 May 1781 ), Italian physicist, was born at Mondovì, and entered the religious order of the Pious Schools in 1732, where he studied, and afterward taught, grammar and rhetoric.

At the end of the debate, Beccaria was imprisoned.

In the 19th century, architect Giulio Beccaria was hired by Ferdinand I of Austria to redesign the piazza again.

G. Beccaria ( 1775 ) confirmed Lemonnier's diurnal variation data and determined that the atmosphere's charge polarity was positive in fair weather.

In this essay, Beccaria reflected the convictions of the Il Caffè group, who sought to cause reform through Enlightenment discourse.

The linguistic purism of the Accademia found the opposition of Cesare Beccaria and the Verri brothers ( Pietro and Alessandro ), which through their journal Il Caffè programmatically insulted the Accademia and its pedantic, archaic grammar in the name of Galileo and Newton and of a modern and cosmopolitan intellectual thought.

* 1781 – Giovanni Battista Beccaria, Italian physicist ( b. 1716 )

* Cesare Beccaria ( 1738 – 1794 ) Italian.

* October 3 – Giovanni Battista Beccaria, Italian physicist ( d. 1781 )

Beccaria Township is a township in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States.

It is named in honor of Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria.

And so in many of the major areas of humanitarian reform, Christians and rationalists worked together: in the case of slavery ; William Wilberforce, the Buxtons but also Jeremy Bentham and Condorcet ; in the case of working conditions ; evangelicals such as Lord Shaftesbury but also Robert Owen and Edwin Chadwick ; in the case of punishments Beccaria but also Samuel Romilly ; in the case of the mentally ill ; Shaftesbury and Pinel and in the case of the treatment of animals, Bentham enlisted the aid of Wilberforce.

Beccaria corresponded with monarchs.

In 1764 Beccaria published a brief but justly celebrated treatise On Crimes and Punishments, which marked the high point of the Milan Enlightenment.

In it, Beccaria put forth some of the first modern arguments against the death penalty.

The principles to which Beccaria appealed were Reason, an understanding of the state as a form of contract, and, above all, the principle of utility, or of the greatest happiness for the greatest number.