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Page "Oswiu of Northumbria" ¶ 11
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Bede and Oswiu's
Bede writes that the dispute was brought to a head by Oswiu's son Eahlfrith, who had adopted Roman usages at the urging of Wilfrid.
Bede describes Oswiu's friendship and influence over Sigeberht of the East Saxons, but generally the pattern in the southeast is of more local domination, with Oswiu's influence unlikely to have been particularly strong.
Bede records that two years before Penda's death, his son Peada converted to Christianity, influenced partly by Oswiu's son Ealhfrith, who had married Peada's sister Cyneburh.
Although the sources are unclear, it is likely that some sort of agreement was reached at Iudeu: although Bede says that Oswiu's offers of treasure were rejected by Penda, who, Bede says, was determined to destroy Oswiu's people " from the highest to the lowest ", he does mention that Oswiu's young son Ecgfrith was being held hostage by the Mercians, perhaps as part of a deal.
The eighth-century monk and chronicler Bede lists both Oswald and Oswiu as having held imperium, or overlordship, over the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms ; in Oswiu's case his dominance extended beyond the Anglo-Saxons to the Picts, the Gaels of Dál Riata, and the many obscure and nameless native British kingdoms in what are now North West England and southern Scotland.

Bede and reign
Bede follows Gildas ' account of Ambrosius in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, but in his Chronica Majora he dates Ambrosius ' victory to the reign of the Emperor Zeno ( 474 – 491 ).
Bede wrote in Latin and never used the term and his list of kings holding imperium should be treated with caution, not least in that he overlooks kings such as Penda of Mercia, who clearly held some kind of dominance during his reign.
Bede says that Oswald held imperium for the eight years of his rule ( both Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle say that Oswald's reign was actually considered to be nine years, the ninth year being accounted for by assigning to Oswald the year preceding his rule, " on account of the heathenism practised by those who had ruled that one year between him and Edwin "), and was the most powerful king in Britain.
The eighth century monk and chronicler the Venerable Bede wrote a history of the English church called Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum ; the history only covers events up to 731, but as one of the major sources for Anglo-Saxon history it provides important background information for Offa's reign.
One charter is precisely dated to 1 April 675 in the first year of Hlothhere ’ s reign, which conflicts with accession date attributed to him by Bede.
One suggested interpretation is that since Bede was writing during Æthelbald's reign, the original seven he listed were essentially those kings who could be seen as prototypes of Æthelbald in their domination of England south of the Humber.
Bede does not mention the cause of the battle, simply saying that it occurred in the ninth year of Ecgfrith's reign.
Bede does not list him as one of the rulers who exercised imperium, but modern historians consider that the rise to primacy of the kingdom of Mercia began in his reign.
Since the Historia Brittonum says Penda ruled for only ten years ( Bede says 22 years: 633 – 655 ), this may mean that it was dating Penda's reign from the time of his victory at Maserfield ; this would make sense if Eowa's death removed an important rival to Penda, enabling him to claim or consolidate authority over all the Mercians.
Evidence from the eighth century Anglo-Saxon historian, Bede points to the Picts also being subjugated by the Northumbrians during Oswald's reign, and that this subjugation continued into the reign of his successor, Oswiu.
The principal source for his reign is the early 8th-century Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum by Bede ( d. 735 ), who claims to have derived his information about the missionary work of Mellitus among the East Saxons from Abbot Albinus of Canterbury through the London priest Nothhelm, later Archbishop of Canterbury ( d. 739 ).
Bede gives Cædwalla a reign of two years, ending in 688, but if his reign was less than three years then he may have come to the throne in 685.
According to Bede, before Cædwalla's reign, Wessex was ruled by underkings, who were conquered and removed when Cædwalla became king.
This has been taken to mean that Cædwalla himself ended the reign of the underkings, though Bede does not directly say this.
The primary source for information about Æthelhere's life and brief reign is the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ( Ecclesiastical History of the English People ), completed in Northumbria by Bede in 731.
In his early-eighth-century account of Aldfrith's reign, Bede states that he " ably restored the shattered fortunes of the kingdom, though within smaller boundaries ".
Another estimate of the date of Wihtred's accession can be made from the duration of his reign, given by Bede as thirty four and a half years.
Further, Stenton argued that medieval copyists had introduced an error into the manuscripts of the Historia, and that Bede meant that the length of Deusdedit's reign was 9 years and 7 months, rather than 9 years and 4 months as stated in the manuscripts.
Grosjean argues that the best method for resolving the conflicts is to just take 14 July 664 as the date of death, and figure backwards with the length of reign given by Bede, which gives a consecration date of 12 March 655.
Bede states that he was followed by his son Cenwalh, whose reign is dated from 643 by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

Bede and way
For Bede, Mercia was a traditional enemy of his native Northumbria and he regarded powerful kings such as the pagan Penda as standing in the way of the Christian conversion of the Anglo-Saxons.
Rather than a conquest of the Picts, instead the idea of Pictish matrilineal succession, mentioned by Bede and apparently the only way to make sense of the list of Kings of the Picts found in the Pictish Chronicle, advanced the idea that Kenneth was a Gael, and a king of Dál Riata, who had inherited the throne of Pictland through a Pictish mother.
Hengist, according to Bede, manipulated Vortigern into granting more land and allowing for more settlers to come in, paving the way for the Germanic settlement of Britain.
Bede implies that in the time of Augustine of Canterbury, British churches used a baptismal rite that was in some way at variance with the Roman practice.
Following his dream, Caedmon became the foremost Christian poet who led the way for others such as Bede and Cynewulf.
Bede is not specific on the type of plague, but Maddicott argues that because of the time of its eruption and the way it arrived in England it was likely bubonic plague.
In another account, also attributed to Bede, in his Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth, it is stated that Adrian was not made abbot till after the resignation of Benedict Biscop, who is made to have accompanied Theodore all the way from Rome, and to have been immediately on their arrival appointed to this place, which he appears to have held for about two years.
The importance of the Lyrical Ballads to the way Adam Bede is written has often been noted.
Barbara Yorke even raises the possibility that Swithhelm was in some way accessory to the murder and that he and his brother Swithfrith were the two brothers portrayed by Bede.

Bede and Oswald
He was given a strongly positive assessment by the historian Bede, writing a little less than a century after Oswald's death, who regarded Oswald as a saintly king ; it is also Bede who is the main source for present-day historical knowledge of Oswald.
Oswald was apparently born in or around the year 604, since Bede says that he was killed at the age of 38 in 642 ; Æthelfrith's acquisition of Deira is also believed to have occurred around 604.
Bede makes the claim that Oswald " brought under his dominion all the nations and provinces of Britain ", which, as Bede notes, was divided by language between the English, Britons, Scots, and Picts ; however, he seems to undermine his own claim when he mentions at another point in his history that it was Oswald's brother Oswiu who made tributary the Picts and Scots.
Oswald apparently controlled the Kingdom of Lindsey, given the evidence of a story told by Bede regarding the moving of Oswald's bones to a monastery there ; Bede says that the monks rejected the bones initially because Oswald had ruled over them as a foreign king.
Oswald gave the island of Lindisfarne to Aidan as his episcopal see, and Aidan achieved great success in spreading the Christian faith ; Bede mentions that Oswald acted as Aidan's interpreter when the latter was preaching, since Aidan did not know English well and Oswald had learned Irish during his exile.
Bede puts a clear emphasis on Oswald being saintly as a king ; although he could be interpreted as a martyr for his subsequent death in battle, Bede portrays Oswald as being saintly for his deeds in life and does not focus on his martyrdom as being primary to his sainthood — indeed, it has been noted that Bede never uses the word " martyr " in reference to Oswald.

Bede and being
Several English scholars and churchmen are described by Bede as being fluent in Greek due to being taught by him.
Ælfric of Eynsham paraphrased Bede into Old English, saying " Now the Earth's roundness and the Sun's orbit constitute the obstacle to the day's being equally long in every land.
The queen herself was an avid reader of all of George Eliot's novels, being so impressed with Adam Bede that she commissioned the artist Edward Henry Corbould to paint scenes from the book.
Bede records Aethelbert of Kent as being dominant at the close of the 6th century, but power seems to have shifted northwards to the kingdom of Northumbria, which was formed from the amalgamation of Bernicia and Deira.
The Jutes, Iuti, or Iutæ ( pronounced ) were a Germanic people who, according to Bede, were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of their time, the other two being the Saxons and the Angles.
The medieval chronicler Bede described Mellitus as being of noble birth.
Bede says that the spot where he died came to be associated with miracles, and people took dirt from the site, which led to a hole being dug as deep as a man's height.
Some of what is known about Penda comes through the hostile account of Bede, who disliked him both for being an enemy king to Bede's own Northumbria and for being a pagan.
However, Bede speaks of " the monastery of Bangor, in which, it is said, there was so great a number of monks, that the monastery being divided into seven parts, with a superior set over each, none of those parts contained less than three hundred men, who all lived by the labour of their hands.
Bede also supplies a date ( which was traditionally accepted, but has been considered suspect since the late 20th century ) of AD 446, " Marcian being made emperor with Valentinian, and the forty-sixth from Augustus, ruled the empire seven years.

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