Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography ( see below ), the study of crystals was based on their geometry.

Before the launch of X-ray-observing satellites, such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory, X-ray observations generally had quite low angular resolution, but when the Moon passes in front of the nebula, its position is very accurately known, and so the variations in the nebula's brightness can be used to create maps of X-ray emission.

Before 1998, it was known as AXAF, the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility.

Before the end of HST, the examination of Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons ( FRCS ) must be taken in general surgery plus the subspeciality.

Before placement of an IUD, a medical history and physical examination by a medical professional is useful to check for any contraindications or concerns.

Before the ceremony, a public examination establishes the relationship of the parties and their maturity.

Before birth, complex ultrasounds performed routinely during pregnancy may indicate the presence of cerebral abnormality, but this method of diagnosis should be complemented by other methods, such as genetic studies and NMR, and the examination is not recommended as part of routine ultrasound examinations, unless family medical history or other reasons for suspecting brain malformation are present.

Jim Garrison defended his conduct regarding witness testimony, stating: Before we introduced the testimony of our witnesses, we made them undergo independent verifying tests, including polygraph examination, truth serum and hypnosis.

Before examination, the patient can be placed in physical restraints and gagged, and wear some form of embarrassing clothing.

Before the end of Core Training, all anaesthetic trainees must have passed the primary examination of the diploma of Fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists ( FRCA ).

Before graduating, pupils are subject to a final examination, the matura.

Before the trial on 7 May 1997, Woodward decided to undergo a polygraph examination conducted by Dr David C. Raskin, a polygraph examiner hired by her own lawyers.

Both Patent Attorneys and Patent Agents are generally required to have a technical degree ( such as engineering, chemistry or physics ) and must take and pass the USPTO registration examination ( officially titled Examination for Registration to Practice in Patent Cases Before the United States Patent and Trademark Office ).

Before entering to a secondary school, pupils can stay for the Basic Education's End Tunisian National examination.

Before graduation, students in nearly all majors are required to either pass a senior-year comprehensive examination or to complete a senior thesis project.

Before starting the substantive examination of the opposition, the Opposition Division examines whether the opposition must be considered as filed (" Is there an opposition?

" Before any direct examination can take place, Kei must first participate via neural interface in several computer-generated interactive simulations, or " sims.

Before Six can get any answers from Cobb, he is taken away for medical examination.

Before the 2010 examination there was a 150 hour requirement, with an approximately equal distribution of creativity, action, and service.

Before long the atmosphere reverted to its old normalcy, and insects hummed and birds occasionally called.

Before them stalked the beadle, proclaiming as he went, `` Thus the Council deals with those who break its laws -- adulterers, thieves, murderers, and lewd persons.

Before you let loose a howl saying we announced its coming, not once but several times, indeed we did.

Before this, many of its families were assigned to the old order Liliales: a very large order containing almost all monocots with colourful tepals and without starch in their endosperm.

Before its adoption as Australia's national anthem, Advance Australia Fair saw considerable use elsewhere.

Before the production closed it recouped its initial investment.

" Before this, he had published several works on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and its consequences, but his literary capacity was mediocre, his style stiff and cold, and it was his personal character rather than his reputation as a writer that earned him the confidence of the elector.

Before the early 18th century, the East India Company paid for its tea mainly in silver.

Before its merger with HP, it also sponsored the Williams Formula One team when it was still powered by BMW engines.

Before its coastline was first explored by Europeans in the 16th century, Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans, including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before beginning the construction, the vertex figure ABCD is obtained by cutting each connected edge at ( in this case ) its midpoint.

Before final negotiations were concluded in 1921, however, Afghanistan had already begun to establish its own foreign policy without repercussions anyway, including diplomatic relations with the new government in the Soviet Union in 1919.

Before the revolution Mubarak tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but then moved more aggressively to block its influence ( arguably leading to its recent rise in public support ).

Before the pup is ready to forage, the mother abandons it, and the pup consumes its own fat for weeks or months while it matures.

Before the 2008 season, Fenway Park's capacity was increased to 37, 373, where it remains following additional renovations for the 2009 season, making its total capacity the fourth smallest, ahead of Marlins Park, the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum, and Tropicana Field.

Before the 1980s Soviet war, Afghanistan pursued a policy of neutrality and nonalignment in its foreign relations, being one of a few independent nations to stay neutral in both World War I and World War II.

Before leaving, in a meeting with all the Papal vicars held on April 29, 1357, Albornoz issued the Constitutiones Sanctæ Matris Ecclesiæ, which regulated all the matters of the Papal States and its division into provinces.

Before its acquisition by Google, the gmail. com domain name was used by a free e-mail service offered by Garfield. com, online home of the comic strip Garfield.

Before the merger, the employees of the HBC, unlike the North West Company, did not participate in its profits.

Before Haiti established its independence from French administration in 1804, Haiti ranked as the world's richest and most productive colony.

Before mating, each male excavates a brood site, a saucer-shaped depression under a rock or log with its entrance positioned out of the direct current, usually pointing downstream.

Before 1999, Bhutan had banned television and internet to preserve its culture, environment, its identity etc.