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Before colonization the senior queen acted as a check and counterweight to the king's power, both through her direct control of some military forces and her control of rainmaking medicines and rites and of key aspects of the Ncwala national ritual that annually binds the fate of the king and the nation together.
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Before and colonization
Before colonization, Sumba was inhabited by several small ethnolinguistic groups, some of which may have had tributary relations to the Majapahit Empire.
Before American colonization, the land along the Smoky Hill River was favored hunting ground for the Plains Indians.
Before Spanish colonization ( a time referred to as the prehispanic era ), two large tribes, the Caribs and the Muiscas, inhabited this part of modern day Colombia.
Before the spread of MRSA into the community, abscesses were not considered contagious, because it was assumed that infection required violation of skin integrity and the introduction of staphylococci from normal skin colonization.
Before the effective colonization of these territories, the intention of the British was to use both force and agreements to control chiefs in Asante and the north.
Before European colonization of surrounding valleys in the mid 19th century, Paiute Indians occupied summer hunting camps up to about 13, 100 feet ( 4, 000 meters ), leaving ruins of archeological interest.
Before European colonization, Burrowing Owls probably inhabited every suitable area of the New World, but in North America they have experienced some restrictions in distribution since.
Before European colonization, aboriginal warfare tended to be formal and ritualistic, and entailed relatively few casualties.
Before the colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major supplier of fur-pelts to Western Europe and parts of Asia.
Before the Spanish colonization, this land was inhabited by the Diaguitas and Calchaquíes, who practiced agriculture.
Before Spanish colonization, Chamoru life centered on one's clan.
Before Dutch colonization and Christianization, Torajans, who lived in highland areas, identified with their villages and did not share a broad sense of identity.
Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, the groups now included under the term did not consider themselves as belonging to one cohesive ethnic group.
Before the colonization by the French of the North African and Sahel countries in which they dwell, the nomadic Tuareg federations chose a chief among the wise men of the tribes to rule the loose union of closely related groups.
Before Spanish colonization, the area was home to the Guacana, an Amerindian tribe belonging to the Panche Amerindian Nation.
Before colonization, the area was home to the indigenous Algonquin who called the place Wabakin, from wàba and akin meaning " there is a mountain of hardwood ", and called the La Sarre River Adikameg Sibi, which was also identified as Amikitik.
Before British colonization, they were sedentary cattle-herders, sometimes also practicing agriculture.
Before colonization, the Thiès Plateau was a wooded frontier between the kingdoms of Cayor and Baol inhabited by the Serer-Noon, an ethnic sub-group of the Serer people.
Before the colonization of the Americas, the area served as a trading post for Native Americans in the region.
Before European colonization, wildfires occurred most frequently in the tan, yellow, blue, pink, and light green areas.
Before European colonization, there were large areas of western aspen and aspen parkland in the west of what would become Canada and the United States.
Before the Spanish colonization.
Before the colonization by the British, the Nandi had well organised administration, so much so that this allowed them to surpassed the Maasai as the fiercest people within East and Central Africa.
Before the Spanish colonization of the Americas, not much is known of the region's history.
Before and senior
Before leaving, he developed acquaintances with senior Bolsheviks including Anatoly Lunacharsky, the People's Commissar for Education, who told him: " You are a revolutionary in music, we are revolutionaries in life.
Before establishing himself in the senior team, he played for the reserve side.
Before St. Mary ’ s was recognized as a senior college in 1925, there was no formal conference competition, so the rivalry between the downtown and Woodlawn campuses was fierce.
Before 1840 the senior residentiary cleric was the Precentor, and not a Dean due to a complication during the dissolution of the monasteries.
Before the opening of the 14th National Congress of the CPC in 1992, the Party's senior leaders, including Deng and Chen Yun, were to select candidates for the Politburo Standing Committee to ensure a smooth transition of power from the so-called second-generation leaders ( Deng, Chen, Li Xiannian, Wang Zhen, etc.
Before training can begin, the gelanggang must be prepared either by the teachers or senior students in a ritual called " opening the training area " ( buka gelanggang ).
Before retirement he became a professor of psychiatry at New York University, a senior psychiatrist in the New York City Department of Hospitals, and a psychiatrist and the director of the Mental Hygiene Clinic at the Bellevue Hospital Center.
Before the events of the pilot episode, Black held a senior officer rank in Spectrum, an international security organisation inaugurated in 2067 that mobilises all its personnel, vehicles and other resources in response to the threat posed by the Mysterons.
Before World War I he held a number of senior positions relating to weapons development, before being appointed Chief of Staff of the North Sea Command in 1908, rising to Rear Admiral on 27 January 1910.
Before a vote is taken at a Council meeting, though, all proposals are circulated in writing to the heads of departments, who commission the senior career officials of their department – the heads of the Federal Offices – to prepare a written response to offer criticism and suggestions.
Before the ECtHR grants appeal, a claimant must have exhausted all available judicial recourse in the violating country ; in France this means following the appeals process to either senior court.
Before age 15, a majority of first-intercourse experiences among females are reported to be non-voluntary ; the Guttmacher Institute found that 60 % of girls who had sex before age 15 were coerced by males who on average were six years their senior.
Before the practice was discontinued in the 1990s, those who were appointed to the position of CDS ( head of the Armed Forces ) had been elevated to the most senior rank in their respective service ( a five-star officer ).
Before being named Interior Secretary in 2001, Norton was senior counsel at Brownstein, Hyatt & Farber, P. C., a Denver-based law firm.
Before taking the government post on 1 May 2001, Leung served in senior management positions at big international banks in Hong Kong.
Before 1947, the term Esquire was used by most senior government officers, especially the former members of the Indian Civil Service and the rest of the higher services of the Imperial Civil Services.
Before the single-sex senior schools were merged, the former girls school in Rushden was named " Chichele Girls School " after Henry Chichele who was born in the neighbouring town of Higham Ferrers.
Before 6 May 2010 the MP was Stephen Ladyman a senior Labour minister, preceded by Jonathan Aitken.
Before the end of his senior year, he had officially resigned from the committee after the passage of the Lend-Lease Act.
He was shown as the USS Enterprise's staff physicist in the pilot episode, " Where No Man Has Gone Before ", but served as third officer and senior helmsman throughout the rest of the series, during which he held the rank of lieutenant.
Before his retirement in 1992, Kabbah held a number of senior administrative positions at UNDP Headquarters in New York, including those of Deputy Director and Director of Personnel, and Director, Division of Administration and Management.
Before this he had been senior research manager for ICI and Zeneca.
Before turning in her own resignation, Johnson fired two other GSA senior executives, PBS head Robert Peck and senior advisor Stephen Leeds.
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