Before the late modern era, the abbot was treated with the utmost reverence by the brethren of his house.

Before the Norman conquest in 1066, justice was administered primarily by what is today known as the county courts ( the modern " counties " were referred to as " Shires " in pre-Norman times ), presided by the diocesan bishop and the sheriff, exercising both ecclesiastical and civil jurisdiction.

This act is commonly criticized by modern cartoonists including Watterson and Pearls Before Swines Stephan Pastis.

Before reaching Italy however, Titus learnt that Galba had been murdered and replaced by Otho, the governor of Lusitania ( modern Portugal ).

Before the modern age and the worldwide spread of knowledge, written examples of new mathematical developments have come to light only in a few locales.

Before modern strobe lights, lenses were used to concentrate the light from a continuous source.

Before the outbreak of the Korean War, Joseph Stalin equipped the KPA with modern medium tanks, trucks, artillery, and small arms.

Before the advent of modern computers numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables.

Before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards.

Before the Second World War, researchers in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, independently and in great secrecy, developed technologies that led to the modern version of radar.

Before the modern era, the Bhikkhuni Sangha spread to most Buddhist countries including Burma ( also known as Myanmar ), with the notable exceptions being Tibet and Thailand.

Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate bandages.

Before World War II, many European architects moved to the United States, where modern architecture continued to develop.

* Before 1630 BC – 1500 BC — Landscape ( Spring fresco ), wall painting with areas of modern reconstruction from Akrotiri, Thera, Cyclades, is made.

Bleeding: Before modern surgical developments, there was a very real threat that a patient would bleed to death before treatment, or during the operation.

Before modern factory butter making, cream was usually collected from several milkings and was therefore several days old and somewhat fermented by the time it was made into butter.

Before the Paillon River was covered over, the Pont-Neuf was the only practicable way between the old town and the modern one.

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions.

: Before this strange disease of modern life.

Before the advent of modern pipes, water was brought from an outdoor source such as wells, pumps or springs.

Before modern disaster management, when floods occurred, some of the population might initially die from drowning but then many more would suffer from the ensuing famine and spread of diseases.

Before early modern nation-building, the Low Countries referred to a wide area of northern Europe as a low-lying triangular river delta for the rivers Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, and Ems.

Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was.

The Kung Bushmen were described as ' The Harmless People ' in a popular work by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas in 1958, while Lawrence Keeley's 1996 War Before Civilization suggested that regular warfare without modern technology was conducted by most groups throughout human history, including most Native American tribes.

Before the advent of fast computing machines, solving a dynamical system required sophisticated mathematical techniques and could be accomplished only for a small class of dynamical systems.

Before World War II, mechanical and electrical analog computers were considered the " state of the art ", and many thought they were the future of computing.

Before the development of digital computing, serious trials based on automata such as El Ajedrecista of 1912, were too complex and limited to be useful for playing full games of chess.

Before numerical computing methods were readily available, acceleration was only attainable by differentiating cam lift profiles twice, once for velocity and again for acceleration.

Before the advent of fast computing machines, solving a dynamical system required sophisticated mathematical techniques and could only be accomplished for a small class of dynamical systems.

Before the advent of video game consoles and personal computing, arcades were the predominant platform for playing games which required users to deposit a token or coin ( traditionally a quarter, in the U. S ) into an arcade game machine in order to play.

Before joining eWEEK ( then called PC Week ) full-time in 1989, Coffee held technical and management positions at Exxon and The Aerospace Corporation dealing with chemical facility project control, Arctic project development, strategic defense analysis, end-user computing planning and support, and artificial intelligence applications research.

Before he retired from NASA on September 3, 1994, after 30 years of service, Dr. Trainor had been associate director and chief scientist of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland for five years and the principal assistant to the center's director for the oversight of science, engineering, computing and technology.

Before the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, researchers who attempted to count the number of people killed under Stalin's regime produced estimates ranging from 3 to 60 million.

Before the retraction in 2002, the researchers from Berkeley had intended to name the element ghiorsium ( Gh ), after Albert Ghiorso ( a leading member of the research team ).

Before the nature of the signal was determined, the researchers, Bell and her Ph. D supervisor Antony Hewish, somewhat seriously considered the possibility of extraterrestrial life: We did not really believe that we had picked up signals from another civilization, but obviously the idea had crossed our minds and we had no proof that it was an entirely natural radio emission.

Before the participants ’ attitudes towards smoking were taken the researchers introduced an unrelated question to provide a delay.

Before advances in the decipherment of the Maya script revealed this reading of his name, this ruler was also known to researchers as Tikal Ruler A, or by the nickname Ah Cacao.

Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2009, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers.

Before the project could gain momentum Blackman was cast opposite Sean Connery in Goldfinger, requiring her to leave the series.

Before the law requiring a mandatory crash test in 1970 there was a booming kit car industry in Sweden with most companies basing their kits on the VW Beetle chassis.

Before these DBS satellites, home satellite television in Europe was limited to a few channels, really intended for cable distribution, and requiring dishes typically of 1. 2m.

Before the 21st century, video editing was a difficult task requiring a minimum of two recorders and possibly a desktop video workstation to control them.

Before the public release of the investigation, Costco announced they would begin requiring their pork suppliers to phase out gestation crates.

Before the Federal Reserve established regulations in 1967 requiring that cheques be MICR encoded in order to be handled by their clearing houses, it was fairly common for banks, especially in small towns, to issue cheque to customers which were not personalized other than the name of the bank.

Before the next case of blockade which can be described as pacific occurred came the Declaration of Paris ( April 15, 1856 ), requiring that blockades in order to be binding must be effective ; that is to say, maintained by a force sufficient really to prevent access to the coast of the enemy.

Before long Mobile's city council passed a law requiring all free negroes to post a bond signed by two white men, guaranteeing their good behavior, and to wear badges showing that they were under bond.

Before Trinidad knocked out Pedro Torres in Mexico as part of the Julio César Chávez-Greg Haugen undercard, Chade suffered a heart attack, requiring hospitalization.

Before a creditor presents a bankruptcy petition he must usually first serve on the debtor a statutory demand in the prescribed form requiring the debtor to pay the sum claimed within 21 days of service of the demand.

Before the widespread use of shock protection devices like Incabloc, broken balance staffs were a major cause of damage requiring watch repair.