Before Ezzelino, the seizing of political power in city-states throughout the Middle Ages had been based on real or pretended inheritance claims, or else were directed against infidels and the excommunicated.

Before that order police had taken action against multi-system operators, seizing their decoders so they could not telecast certain channels.

Before Stalin's consolidation of power, the Central Committee featured open debate, where even leading officials could be criticised.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before central power stations were widely introduced it was common for industries, large hotels and commercial buildings to generate their own power and use low pressure exhaust steam for heating.

Before the constitutional rewrite, which was completed in 2000, the president enjoyed more power.

Before 2000, the President had the right to enact regulations on matters not governed by parliamentary law, but this power was removed, and existing regulations were converted into regular statutes by the Parliament.

Before Arbenz come to power in 1951, the Communist movement preferred to carry out many of their activities through the so-called mass organization.

Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery.

Before coming to power, the Khmer Rouge also demonstrated characteristics of " the Buddhist ideals of propriety and social justice ", more so than the current government.

Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2009, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers.

Before the Revolution, despite supporting political reform ( including Bolsheviks elected to the Duma, when opportune ), Lenin proposed that capitalism could ultimately only be overthrown with revolution, not with gradual reforms — from within ( Fabianism ) and from without ( social democracy ) — which would fail, because the ruling capitalist social class, who hold economic power ( the means of production ), determine the nature of political power in a bourgeois society.

Before the cold war began in the late 1940s, Foot favoured a ' third way ' foreign policy for Europe ( he was joint author with Richard Crossman and Ian Mikardo of the pamphlet Keep Left in 1947 ), but in the wake of the communist seizure of power in Hungary and Czechoslovakia he and Tribune took a strongly anti-communist position, eventually embracing NATO.

Before the handover of power, some 300, 000 Kosovars, mostly Serbs, left the province, many had been expelled by the Albanians.

Before colonization the senior queen acted as a check and counterweight to the king's power, both through her direct control of some military forces and her control of rainmaking medicines and rites and of key aspects of the Ncwala national ritual that annually binds the fate of the king and the nation together.

* Before the Chiefs ' first touchdown, he sent in the play " 65 toss power trap.

Before the summer 2006 offensive began, indications existed that soldiers in Afghanistan had lost influence and power to other groups, including potentially the Taliban.

Before the development of the transformer, electric power distribution primarily used direct current at the same voltage used by motors and lights.

Before October 5, even as opposition grew, Milošević continued to hold significant power.

Before the advent of the CCD beam profiler, the beam width was estimated using the knife-edge technique: slice a laser beam with a razor and measure the power of the clipped beam as a function of the razor position.

Before his death, he is thought to have named Aurelian as his successor, although Claudius ' brother Quintillus briefly seized power.

Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the air pollution | air-polluting emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide.

Before Henry held real power, it was alleged that there was a plot to spirit Eleanor away and deliver her to the king of France ; de Maulay was accused of the plot and fell out of favour.

Before the end of the war, architect Charles Holden drew up plans to redevelop the city centre, but locals were so opposed that the Citizens ' Defence Association was formed and swept to power in the 1945 municipal elections.

), " Before and After Avicenna: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Avicenna Study Group " ( Leiden: Brill 2003 )

' Before the 2003 invasion of Iraq Dr. Muayad Said described the structure before the filling of the reservoir: ' It has an octagonal body enhanced by alcoves, some of which are blind.

* Before the 2003 season, seats were added to the Green Monster.

Before the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, the Ba ' ath Party officially ruled.

Before 2003, diversification was hindered by limitations on privatization and the effects of the international sanctions of the 1990s.

* Before I Get Old: The Story of The Who by Dave Marsh, Plexus Publishing ( 16 September 2003 )

* Twas the Fight Before Christmas ( 2003 )

Before 2003, it was not proven that the original Hindu temple was demolished or dramatically modified on the orders of the Mughal Emperor Babur and the mosque was built in its place.

Before the trade deadline, the Spurs decided to part ways with Richard Jefferson and sent him to the Golden State Warriors for Stephen Jackson, who had been a member of the 2003 championship team.

Before ceasing operations in 2003, Eagle Food Centers was based out of Milan.

Before 1 January 2003, Oostburg was also the name of a municipality.

Before 2003, the library was housed in the township ’ s municipal building on Salem Road.

Before the Middle School opened in 2003, students would attend the Elementary School through eighth grade.

Before 2003, songs played at every Buffett show were known as the Big 8.

In 2002, Q magazine named him in its list of the 50 Bands to See Before You Die, and, in 2003, Voodoo was ranked at number 488 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Before the introduction of the official written form of Rumantsch Grischuni in 2003, books for pupils in public schools were printed in the five different idioms throughout the state.

" This follows from his 2003 release " Haggard Like Never Before " in which he includes a song, " That's The News ".

Before the invasion in March 2003, polls showed 47-60 % of the US public supported an invasion, dependent on U. N. approval.

* 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die by Steven Jay Schneider in 2003

It received a number 83 ranking on Rolling Stone magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time and inclusion in both the 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die ( 2005 ) and 1, 000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die ( 2008 ).

Before the borough mergers of 2003, the neighboring boroughs were Røa and Vinderen in the north and Uranienborg-Majorstuen and Bygdøy-Frogner in the east.

Before the 2003 – 04 season began, the Spurs lost their perennial captain David Robinson to retirement.

Before regional programmes, the logo ' ITV1 Carlton ' was used, until late 2003, when they were known as ' ITV1 for Central England '.